Essay On Conformity The Crucible By Arthur Miller Example For Students

Theories Definition Essay Example for Free

Hypotheses Definition Essay This exposition examines hypothesis in a general point of view and some related ideas supporting it. Kuhn is additionally introduced for instance of an elective scholar. Hypotheses, as indicated by Littlejohn (1992) are reflections or structures for theorizing, deciphering, speculating, understanding, assessing, excusing, clarifying or anticipating intricacy of wonders, occasions, thoughts, numerical or sensible conversations, human relations, and correspondence through perception and basic reasoning. The essential components of hypotheses are (1) ideas, which are typically arranged, and (2) clarification, which distinguishes designs in the connections among factors and can be easygoing or down to earth. Hypothesis, in a customary point of view, depends on the reason of â€Å"knowledge as discovery†. It is demonstrated on the exploratory characteristic sciences through hypothetico-deductive technique that incorporates four procedures: (1) creating questions, (2) framing speculations, (3) testing the theories, and (4) planning hypothesis. This technique should be possible through factor examination and it depends on the ideas of speculation, operationism, control and control, covering laws, and expectation. Littlejohn refers to Robyn Penman in depicting elective worldview through the accompanying five principles: (1) Action is deliberate. (2) Knowledge is made socially. (3) Theories are verifiable. (4) Theories influence the truth they are covering. (5) Theories are esteem loaded. The idea of metatheory is utilized in examining the reactions of crafted by Kuhn since it portrays and clarifies the similitudes and contrasts among speculations. The pundits of Kuhn have additionally their own arrangement of thoughts or speculations in clarifying why Kuhn’s thoughts are not acknowledged. Metatheory issues are assembled into three Major subjects †epistemology (inquiries of information), metaphysics (inquiries of presence), and axiology (inquiries of significant worth). Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1992-1996), an American regular researcher and contemporary scholar who contributed in the advancement of science standards, has contributed much in the historical backdrop of and issues on science, culture, and arrangement in the scholastic, political, and business fields. Kuhn’s SSR gives his contradictory perspectives in the way of thinking of science wherein, as Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, Kuhn underlined the job and nature of â€Å"rationality† in the procedures of science. Kuhn fights that â€Å"science works as a social structure as opposed to as an unoriginal element progressing toward epistemological commitment† (Mackie, 1998, p. 25). He negates the idea of coherent positivism which expresses that researchers pick between contending hypotheses in a simply objective manner (Philosophy of Science, 2004). Like William Whewell, Kuhn denies the excessively deliberate way to deal with science or the logical technique as the structure for request (Prosise, Miller, Mills, 1996; Mackie, 1998; Roberts, 2000; Nickles, 2003). In SSR, Kuhn introduced issues on the idea of and the job of network in logical turn of events. In this manner, worldview relies upon the network to which a professional has a place (Roberts, 2000). He deciphers the historical backdrop of science dependent on the advancement of â€Å"paradigms,† which are basic speculations as well as â€Å"accepted instances of real logical practice [that] give models from which spring specific lucid customs of logical research† (Kuhn 1970, 4, 10). Ideal models give new data about the world and people’s conduct (Swirski, 1996; Mackie, 1998; Roberts, 2000). Kuhn contends that logical idea progresses through mentally brutal upsets (Copulos, 2001). This declares Kuhn’s proclamation the advancement of science is described by rotating times of â€Å"normal† and â€Å"revolutionary† logical action, with the times of typical science being unmistakably increasingly normal (Mackie, 1998, p. 27). For example, a change in perspective can be found in the act of medication since elective medication has been found to be likewise a promising method of treating illnesses however it stays a discussion (Copulos, 2001). Apparently the worldview can't be completely evolved and assessed exclusively in a sound way dependent on the check of realities. This methodology impacts on the way of thinking of science since it is acknowledged that a worldview turns into an essential to â€Å"understanding why progressive science happens and why times of typical science persist† (Mackie, 1998, p. 28). Kuhn is scrutinized in his vision of logical upheaval which was viewed as insulted for its apparently uncertain chronicled point of view; his depiction of typical science since it certainly reclassified logical action; and his questionable utilization of the term â€Å"paradigm† in various manners (Mackie, 1998). In particular, Israel Scheffler (1967) contended that Kuhn is an extreme irrationalist, subjectivist, irrealist, and relativist since he denies that science gives the premise to target truth about reality at the perceptual-remarkable level. Nickles (2003) includes that: â€Å"†¦Kuhn as a chief wellspring of postmodern relativism and of culture-hypothetical medications of science generally†¦Other pundits see Kuhn as mentally moderate in significant manners. ..Kuhn varied somewhat little from the legitimate positivists on critical issues, particularly suspicions about language and importance. †¦Kuhns work is likewise politically traditionalist and elitist, to such an extent that, inferable from its extraordinary impact, it has pulverized any endeavor to build up a progressively popularity based science approach for the predictable future† (p. 3). In spite of the reactions he got, Kuhn had the option to guard his speculations by characterizing his terms all the more cautiously. His second release of SSR (1970) made revisions and utilized â€Å"disciplinary matrix† to fill in for â€Å"paradigm† (Mackie, 1998). In the third version of SSR, Kuhn prevented the allegation from securing relativism and he further explained his perspectives to stay away from error (Dyson, 1999). The progressions made by Kuhn in SSR shows advancement from vagueness to a more clear clarification. As Littlejohn (1992) notes, speculations are continually developing and they should be aced. As an option worldview scholar, Kuhn did the procedure of â€Å"fine-tuning interpretive system for understanding the progression of events† (p. 25). Despite the fact that Kuhn was censured for his speculations in his SSR, it is obvious that his hypotheses assumed noteworthy job in depicting, in spite of the fact that not precisely, the advancement of science standards. Kuhn’s hypothesis concentrated on discerning evaluation of thoughts and it suits teaches outside typical science since it is insignificant to theory of science yet is critical in the investigation of human conduct. References â€Å"Philosophy of Science.† (2004). The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth version. New York: Columbia University Press. Dyson, F. (1999). The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions. Oxford University Press, Inc.. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Littlejohn, S. (1992). Part 2: Theory during the time spent request, Theories of Human Communication. Wadsworth Publishing Co, 25. Mackie, C. D. (1998). Consecrating Economic Theory: How Theories and Ideas Are Selected in Economics. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Milton R. Copulos, (November 12, 2001). A Shift in Thinking about Medicine. Understanding on the News 17(42), 46. Nickles, T. (ed.) (2003). Thomas Kuhn. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Prosise, T. O., Miller, Greg R., Mills, Jordan P. (1996). Contention Fields as Arenas of Discursive Struggle: Argument Fields and Pierre Bourdieus Theory of Social Practice. Argumentation and Advocacy 32(3), 111+. Roberts, L. J. (2000). Thomas Kuhns the Structure of Scientific Revolutions. And so on.: A Review of General Semantics, 57(1), 59. Swirski, P. (1996). Game Theory in the Third Pentagon: A Study in Strategy and Rationality. Analysis 38(2), 303+.

Can you earn more points than me this summer

Can you earn more points than me this summer Hi, I’m Cam from Khan Academy, and I challenge you to join me for a surge of summer learning! I can’t unicycle yet, but I’m learning. My other summer learning goals are focused around biology and economics. No matter what you choose to learn on Khan Academy, you’ll be eligible to earn two special badges: Get the Summer Surge badge by earning at least 50,000 energy points this summer. Get the I Beat Cam badge by earning more points than I do this summer. The challenge runs from the June 23rd through August 28th (official rules below). There’s no special signup to earn these badges; all you have to do is start learning now! Not sure what you want to learn this summer? Here are three ideas: Supercharge your math skills. For example, if you’re headed into Algebra I, jump into the Algebra I mission and get started on those mission foundations (pre-requisites) to make sure you start the school year strong! Join Pamela in a Summer of Scripting! Sign up for reminders and weekly contests to help you learn JavaScript, one of the world’s most popular and important programming languages! Explore a new topic you’ve always been curious about, such as economics, finance, art history, or health and medicine. Remember: You can learn anything! I look forward to learning alongside you this summer. You can track my summer learning progress by watching my KA profile or by following me @icamlearn on Instagram or Twitter. Let me know what you’re learning using the hashtag #KASummerSurge. Your fellow learner, Cam Official rules All points earned anytime from the very start of the day (PDT) on June 23rd to 11:59pm PDT on August 28th will count towards these badges. Badges (described above) will be awarded only after the contest has ended. I’ll give everyone their badges on August 31st. Who is beating me so far? I have earned a total of 0 points so far this summer (as of June 23rd), so I imagine lots of people are beating me right now. But, remember, badges are awarded at the end of the summer (after August 28th), and you’ll only get the “I Beat Cam” badge if you earn more points than I do over the course of the entire summer. Check back here in coming weeks to see a list of usernames that are beating me. UPDATE (July 16th): Because so many of you have earned so many points, Ive decided not to post a list of everyone beating me - it would fill up the entire screen! Instead, here are instructions for how to figure out if youre beating me: Step 1: Calculate your starting points (points earned since June 23rd). Go to your activity page (profileprogressactivity). Set a custom range to see your progress since the 23rd. Sum your daily energy points to find your summer earnings. Subtract your earnings from your current KA energy points to find your starting points. Step 2: Spin of this awesome CS program and input your starting points. Step 3: Watch the program calculate whether or not youre beating me :-)

Essay about Criminal Justice Authority Evaluation

Criminal Justice Authority Evaluation Lori Bell CJA/550 October 31, 2011 Brenda Ward Civilian oversight of law enforcement is a vital element of the democratic society. Effective civilian oversight of police is crucial to guarantee that the police use its power of authority in a way that exhibits respect for the law and individual rights and freedoms. The committee’s responsibility is to maintain a balance between police independence and to complete investigations and maintain order without undue political influence, or influence from any other source while remaining accountable to the public. The belief that civilians do not understand what a police officer faces on a daily basis becomes the crux of most complaints made by†¦show more content†¦The prosecutors political obligation, which becomes effective only if the prosecutor pursues reelection, thus inclines to disguise the necessity for more direct boundaries on his discretionary authorities as well as for controls upon choices the prosecutor and his subordinates make in different cases. Forei gn legal organizations have established different tools in that regard. In some countries, statutes overtly limit prosecutors discretionary power, and in several legal organizations, the prosecutor is subject to many forms of control by courts, victims, or private citizens. Court The assignment of judging had been defined as the art of making discrete selections among conflicting options of action. Charged with the instruction to govern justice equitably and justifiably, judges have discretion to pursue any lawful option. In both criminal and civil cases, the implementation of discretion is a fundamental judicial role. For example, under certain situations a judge hearing a motion for a mistrial could have the discretion to accept or to deny the motion. In other instances, there may be a variety of existing options of action from which to choose: for instance, upon a motion to exclude, as collective, the testimony of four witnesses, the judge could have discretion toShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice System And The Law System1421 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation suggests that a criminal justice system gains practical value by generating societal views of fair enforcement and judgement. Particularly, views of practical fairness resulting in views of the sy stem s legality, may promote systemic compliance with applicable law, support with legal institutions and actors, and respect to even negative outcomes. A separate information alludes that a criminal justice system derives realistic value by allocating criminal legal responsibility andRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evnaluatio1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation December 10, 2012 CJA/394 Troy Hokanson Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation 2 Introduction The criminal justice system is very important to American society. The reason for laws are to defend society from harm, makeRead MoreComparative Criminal Justice Systems : Guilty But Insane1283 Words   |  6 PagesRona Johnson CRJ613: Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Guilty but Insane Prof Jonathan Sperling January 23, 2017 Criminal Intent â€Å"Mens rea: In criminal law, the guilty mind. It refers to the intent that is needed in order to be found guilty of a crime† (Bartol, C. R., 10/2014). Mens rea is a very important aspect of the criminal justice system and it is really important when the issue of mental competency plays a factor in a criminal case. There are four different levels of the mens reaRead MoreClassical Theory of Criminology Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagescommits a crime, one can come up with ways to prevent and control crime or rehabilitate criminals. There exist a large number of criminology theories, some link crime to an individual or person; they believe a person weighs the cons and pros and makes a conscious decision on whether to commit or not commit a felony. Others see the society as having a duty to make sure that its members do not engage in criminal acts by providing a secure and safe living place. Some claim that some people have hiddenRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Criminal Justice System1735 Words   |  7 Pagesyou’re working on something exciting that you really care about. You don’t have to be pushed. The vision pulls you.† Criminal Justice Administration is all about the organizational structure of any corporation or organization in the criminal justice system. As a s tudent at Campbell University it is required to hold an internship the summer before your senior year in the criminal justice program. Wunsch Law Firm has always allowed Campbell undergrads and law school students to hold internships withinRead MoreFuture Of Crime : The United States Of America Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesis considered as the most vital aspect of legal system as both the law and order as well as justice system is dependent over the quality of crime investigation in the country. Not only that. There are several aspects related directly or indirectly with the phenomenon of crime investigation. An example of that may include the fact that a strong criminal investigation system helps prevail a sense of justice in the country which in turn reduce the rate of crime owing to fear of getting caught. TheRead MorePros And Cons Of Probation And Probation1096 Words   |  5 PagesIn the criminal justice system there are many different branches that operate together to help form the current system we have now. This includes the probation and parole systems. The goal of probation and parole is to bring back someone who has become a menace to society to a person who can live a life crime free and be a productive member of society. These two branches however are not the same but they act together hand in hand. Probation refers to adult offenders whom courts place on supervisionRead MoreEssay On Terrorism783 Words   |  4 PagesThe authors are researchers at Rand Corporation, tasked with providing a detailed report on state and local intelligence regarding the war on terrorism. Their purpose is to provide succinct analysis on the current standards of local and state authorities in countering terrorism. The report argues that there are few detailed documents on state and local law enfo rcement agency (LEA) counterterrorism activities. This report fills such a gap in the field of research. The authors argue that federal levelRead MoreFraud Paper1704 Words   |  7 Pagesembezzlement case in civil court and criminal court, and 2) discuss the role of an expert witness/fraud examiner in each proceeding. There are two major factions of the United States court system: civil cases and criminal cases. Both take place in courtrooms all across the country, but there are several differences that separate the two as well as the role of fraud examiner in each proceeding. The major difference of the two in an embezzlement case is: 1) In a criminal court case, the opposing partiesRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers narrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. Profilers

The Handmaids Tale And The Crucible - 1695 Words

Is Resistance Futile? What do The Handmaid’s Tale and The Crucible suggest about the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order? Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale, and Arthur Miller’s ,The Crucible, explore the consequences surrounding the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order. Resistance the refusal to accept or comply with something or to actively and passively fight against something. Atwood’s new government of Gilead in The Handmaid’s Tale enforces unthinkable oppression to eradicate any trace of resistance from its citizens. Hysteria is implemented in Miller’s Salem in The Crucible when characters are manipulated and driven to conform to social order to save their own lives. However even beyond the†¦show more content†¦Janine. Dolores. Moira. June.†. Despite being forbidden from speaking or even using their real names, they manage to preserve this important part of their identities. By confronting her past and present through her memories, she is also constructing potential acts of resistance. This can be addressed when Offred declares, â€Å"I repeat my former name, remind myself of what I once could do,† Offred ensures her survival and strengthens her sense of self, recognizing herself as an individual. Atwood actively publicizes Offred’s private rebellion against Gilead’s method of deindividuation displays the power of resistance in maintaining individual identity. In comparison, Mary Warren from The Crucible is unlike Offred as she loses her sense of self when she stopped resisting and conformed to avoid conflict. Miller portrays Mary Warren as an easily manipulated, irresolute and â€Å"powerless† girl in the play. To feel protected, she resists and rebels against powerful figures but when overwhelmed by the odds she succumbs to the most common ground. Mary even acknowledges to Abigail Williams, â€Å"I – have no power!† admitting her loss of influence and security. She is unable to stand up for her moral convictions when pressured and was even able to be tak en advantage of by Abigail. On the other hand, Miller conveys the importance of identity through John Proctor. In the play, Proctor’s inability to submit is driven in virtue of individual identity, seen when he proclaimsShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible And The Handmaids Tale Analysis1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn the books The Crucible by Arthur Miller and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood truth is large concept. Throughout the books truth is used to define the perception and the reality through key symbols that go above and beyond an object. In The Crucible The Bible plays an immense part in shaping characters characteristics, also in The Handmaid’s Tale it shapes one of the main motifs of the story. Throughout the two books, flowers are a meaningful symbol which is compared to a real relationshipRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesMrs. Dalloway Bleak House Native Son Bless Me,Ultima One Hundred Years of Solitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much theRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pageschoose from the below list. Tan, Amy, The Joy Luck Club Lahiri, Jhumpa, The Namesake Dickens, Charles, Great Expectations Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, Heat and Dust Winch, Tara June, Swallow the Air Gaita, Raimond, Romulus, My Father Miller, Arthur, The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts Harrison, Jane, Rainbow’s End Luhrmann, Baz, Strictly Ballroom - film De Heer, Rolf, Ten Canoes - film Shakespeare, William, As You Like It Skrzynecki, Peter, Immigrant Chronicle Dickinson, Emily, Selected Poems of Emily DicksinsonRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pages1937, she was the sole provider for both her mother and the children of her now deceased sister. It was at this point that she embarked on her long career as a civil servant, an endeavor that would occupy her for the next decade and a half and the crucible out of which would come the influential nature writing of her later life. Producing publications for the Bureau of Fisheries and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Ca rson increased her already considerable expertise in biology and honed

Android Essay Free Essays

|Google Android |November 15 | | |2011 | |An operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Developed by the Open |Operating System | |Handset Alliance led by Google. | | Table of Contents Introduction3 About 4 Architecture7 System Threading11 CPU Scheduling 12 Process States14 Memory Management18 Synchronization Techniques19 Event Handling 20 Security21 Networking22 Evaluation23 Bibliography24 Introduction Since its initial launch on the T-Mobile G1 in October of 2008, Google’s Android operating system has evolved rapidly, perhaps more rapidly than any other operating system in recent memory, to become one of the most important and prolific smartphone platforms in the market today. We will write a custom essay sample on Android Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Android OS is the name of the Linux based operating system owned by Google and supported by the Open Handset Alliance. Android is used as an operating system for devices such as cell phones, tablets and netbooks. Google bought the original developer of the software, Android Inc. , in 2005. Android’s kernel (core of the OS) was derived from Linux but has been modified by Google developers. Android is also open source, which means developers can customize the OS for different phones and applications. This is why different phones may have different looking graphical interfaces and features even though they are running the same OS. Android OS is completely open source, which means that developers can use the core OS functions to develop applications, unlike iphone OS which is a closed system. About The version history of the Android operating system began with the release of version 1. 0 in September 2008. Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally, each version is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The code names were released in alphabetic order: Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, and Ice Cream Sandwich. Like Apple’s Appstore, Google opened its Android market, allowing the apps developers to publish their apps without any restrictions. Unlike Apple’s Appstore, Google Android market does not have any restrictions for third party development and will not run an apps approval system. Android is an open source platform. The entire stack, from low-level Linux modules all the way to native libraries, and from the application framework to complete applications, is totally open. More so, Android is licensed under business-friendly licenses (Apache/MIT) so that others can freely extend it and use it for variety of purposes. Even some third-party open source libraries that were brought into the Android stack were rewritten under new license terms. Therefore, every developer has access to the entire platform source code. There are several advantages of the Android OS for developers, besides the fact that it’s completely open source, let’s mention a few: Advantages [pic] †¢ The entire Application framework can be reused and replaced by selective components Wi-Fi network applications support (Depends on hardware) †¢ Dalvik[1] virtual machine enhances the power management systems †¢ Supports 2D and 3D graphics †¢ Supports common media file formats †¢ Reliable and enhanced data storage using SQLite framework[2] †¢ Open source Web-Kit Engine-based web-browser †¢ GPS, Navigational compass, Touch-Unlock, and acceleromet er applications support †¢ Androids development environment includes a device emulator, debugger, performance profiling tool, and an Eclipse IDE plug-in [pic] Logo of Android OS Architecture [pic] The main components of the Android architecture: 1. Applications: These are applications written in Java. Some of basic applications include a calendar, email client, SMS program, maps, making phone calls, accessing the Web browser, accessing your contacts list and others. [pic] 2. Application Framework: This is the skeleton or framework which all android developers has to follow. The developers can access all framework APIs an manage phone’s basic functions like resource allocation, switching between processes or programs, telephone applications, and keeping track of the phone’s physical location. The architecture is well designed to simplify the reuse of components. Think of the application framework as a set of basic tools with which a developer can build much more complex tools. [pic] 3. Libraries: This layer consists of Android libraries written in C, C++, and used by various systems. These libraries tell the device how to handle different kinds of data and are exposed to Android developers via Android Application framework. Some of these libraries include media , graphics, 3D, SQLite, web browser library etc. The Android runtime layer which includes set of core java libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) is also located in same layer. [pic] 4. Runtime Android: This layer includes set of base libraries that are required for java libraries. Every Android application gets its own instance of Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently and it executes files in executable (. Dex) optimized for minimum memory. [pic] 5. Kernel – Linux: This layer includes Android’s memory management programs, security settings, power management software and several drivers for hardware, file system access, networking and inter-process-communication. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between hardware and the rest of the software stack. pic] The basics of the Android kernel are just like any other monolithic architecture, all services (file system, VFS, device drivers, etc. ) as well as core functionality (scheduling, memory allocation, etc) are a tight knit group sharing the same space. The kernel of this system is both a hybrid and a monolithic modular design. It is br oken down into five major subsystems: †¢ Process Scheduler: (SCHED) responsible for controlling process access to the CPU. The scheduler enforces a policy that ensures that processes will have fair access to the CPU, while ensuring that necessary hardware actions are performed by the kernel on time. Memory Manager: (MM) permits multiple processes to securely share the machine’s main memory system. In addition, the memory manager supports virtual memory that allows Linux to support processes that use more memory than is available in the system. Unused memory is swapped out to persistent storage using the file system then swapped back in when it is needed. †¢ Virtual File System: (VFS) abstracts the details of the variety of hardware devices by presenting a common file interface to all devices. In addition, the VFS supports several file system formats that are compatible with other operating systems. Network Interface: (NET) provides access to several networking stand ards and a variety of network hardware. †¢ Inter-Process Communication: (IPC) subsystem supports several mechanisms for process-to-process communication on a single Linux system. System Threading By default, an Android application runs on a single thread[3]. Single-threaded applications run all commands serially, meaning the next command is not completed until the previous one is done. Another way of saying this is that each call is blocking. This single thread is also known as the UI thread because it’s the thread that processes all the user interface commands as well. The UI thread is responsible for drawing all the elements on the screen as well as processing all the user events, such as touches on the screen, clicks of the button, and so on. Threads may suspend themselves or be suspended either by the Garbage Collector (GC), debugger or the signal monitor thread. The VM controls all the threads through the use of a internal structure where all the created threads are mapped. The GC will only run when all the threads referring to a single process are suspended, in order to avoid inconsistent states. CPU Scheduling The Linux kernel uses the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS), which has the objective of providing balance between tasks assigned to a processor and applies fairness in the way that CPU time is assigned to tasks. This balance guarantees that all the tasks will have the same CPU share and that, each time that unfairness is verified, the algorithm assures that task rebalancing is performed. Although fairness is guaranteed, this algorithm does not provide any temporal guarantees to tasks, and therefore, neither Android does it, as its scheduling operations are delegated to the Linux kernel. Android uses its own VM named Dalvik (see footnote 2), which was specifically developed for mobile devices and considers memory optimization, battery power saving and low frequency CPU. It relies on the Linux kernel for the core operating system features such as memory management and scheduling and, thus, also presents the drawback of not taking any temporal guarantees into consideration. [pic] In terms of execution, the algorithm works as follows: the tasks with lower virtual runtime are placed on the left side of the tree, and the tasks with the higher virtual runtime are placed on the right. This means that the tasks with the highest need for the processor will always be stored on the left side of the tree. Then, the scheduler picks the left-most node of the tree to be scheduled. Each task is responsible for accounting the CPU time taken during execution and adding this value to the previous virtual runtime value. Then, it is inserted back into the tree, if it has not finished yet. With this pattern of execution, it is guaranteed that the tasks contend the CPU time in a fair manner. Another aspect of the fairness of the algorithm is the adjustments that it performs when the tasks are waiting for an I/O device. In this case, the tasks are compensated with the amount of time taken to receive the information they needed to complete its objective. [pic] Since the introduction of the CFS, the concept of scheduling classes was also introduced. Basically, these classes provide the connection between the main generic scheduler functionalities and the specific scheduler classes that implement the scheduling algorithms. This concept allows several tasks to be scheduled differently by using different algorithms for this purpose. Regarding the main scheduler, it is periodic and preemptive. Its periodicity is activated by the frequency of the CPU clock. It allows preemption either when a high priority task needs CPU time or when an interrupt exists. As for task priorities, these can be dynamically modified with the nice command and currently the kernel supports 140 priorities, where the values ranging from 0 to 99 are reserved for real-time processes and the values ranging from 100 to 139 are reserved for normal processes. Process States The order in which processes are killed to reclaim resources is determined by the priority of the hosted applications. An application’s priority is equal to its highest-priority component. Where two applications have the same priority, the process that has been at a lower priority longest will be killed first. Process priority is also affected by interprocess dependencies; if an application has a dependency on a Service or Content Provider supplied by a second application, the secondary application will have at least as high a priority as the application it supports. All Android applications will remain running and in memory until the system needs its resources for other applications. A process has five different states. [pic] †¢ Active Processes Active (foreground) processes are those hosting applications with components currently interacting with the user. These are the processes Android is trying to keep responsive by reclaiming resources. There are generally very few of these processes, and they will be killed only as a last resort. Active processes include: o Activities in an â€Å"active† state; that is, they are in the foreground and responding to user events. You will explore Activity states in greater detail later in this chapter. Activities, Services, or Broadcast Receivers that are currently executing an onReceive event handler. o Services that are executing an onStart, onCreate, or onDestroy event handler. †¢ Visible Processes Visible, but inactive processes are those hosting â€Å"visible† Activities. As the name suggests, visible Activities are visible, but they aren’t in the foreground or responding to user events. Thi s happens when an Activity is only partially obscured (by a non-full-screen or transparent Activity). There are generally very few visible processes, and they’ll only be killed in extreme circumstances to allow active processes to continue. Started Service Processes Processes hosting Services that have been started. Services support ongoing processing that should continue without a visible interface. Because Services don’t interact directly with the user, they receive a slightly lower priority than visible Activities. They are still considered to be foreground processes and won’t be killed unless resources are needed for active or visible processes. †¢ Background Processes Processes hosting Activities that aren’t visible and that don’t have any Services that have been started are considered background processes. There will generally be a large number of background processes that Android will kill using a last-seen-first-killed pat- tern to obtain resources for foreground processes. †¢ Empty Processes To improve overall system performance, Android often retains applications in memory after they have reached the end of their lifetimes. Android maintains this cache to improve the start-up time of applications when they’re re-launched. These processes are routinely killed as required. State Diagram [pic] Memory Management Android’s process and memory management is a little unusual. Like Java and . NET, Android uses its own run time and virtual machine to manage application memory. Unlike either of these frameworks, the Android run time also manages the process lifetimes. Android ensures application responsiveness by stopping and killing processes as necessary to free resources for higher-priority applications. Each Android application runs in a separate process within its own Dalvik instance, relinquishing all responsibility for memory and process management to the Android run time, which stops and kills processes as necessary to manage resources. Dalvik and the Android run time sit on top of a Linux kernel that handles low-level hardware interaction including drivers and memory management, while a set of APIs provides access to all of the under- lying services, features, and hardware. Synchronization Techniques Regarding synchronization, Android uses its own implementation of libc – named bionic. Bionic has its own implementation of the pthread library and it does not support process-shared mutexes and condition variables. However, thread mutexing and thread condition variables are supported in a limited manner. Currently, inter-process communication is handled by Open-Binder. In terms of real-time limitations, the mechanisms provided by the architecture do not solve the old problems related with priority inversion. Therefore, synchronization protocols such as priority ceiling and inheritance are not implemented. Event Handling In terms of interrupt/event handling, these are performed by the kernel via device drivers. Afterwards, the kernel is notified and then is responsible for notifying the application waiting for that specific interrupt/event. None of the parts involved in the handling has a notion of the time restrictions available to perform its operations. This behavior becomes more serious when considering interrupts. In Linux the interrupts are the highest priority tasks, and therefore, this means that a high priority task can be interrupted by the arrival of an interrupt. This is considered a big drawback, as it is not possible to make the system totally predictable. Security Android has a unique security model, which focuses on putting the user in control of the device. Android devices however, don’t all come from one place, the open nature of the platform allows for proprietary extensions and changes. These extensions can help or could interfere with security, being able to analyze a distribution of Android is therefore an important step in protecting information on that system. Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolated area of the operating system that does not have access to the rest of the system’s resources, unless access permissions are granted by the user when the application is installed. Before installing an application, Android Market displays all required permissions. A game may need to enable vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can decide whether to install the application. Networking Android supports connectivity technologies including Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)[4], Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)[5], Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN)[6], Code division multiple access (CDMA)[7], Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO)[8], Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)[9], Bluetooth[10], Wi-Fi[11], LTE[12], (Near field communication) NFC[13] and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)[14]. Evaluation Mobile software development has evolved incredibly over time, giving us the power of not having to carry our laptop everywhere, or waiting to get home to access our networks or documents, 3G and 4G speeds directly on our phones give us that power, making mobile devices the most popular way to stay connected, as speeds are comparable to standard net speeds. Android has emerged as a new mobile development platform, building on past successes and avoiding past failures of other platforms. The android OS is an open source, meaning that is freely available to anyone who wishes to learn it. Google has opened up the software to creativity, because now we all have access to learning the development process. Hackers, coders, and all techy gurus have created a plethora of net-libraries ranging from support groups, forums and websites to further help newbies in the process. Android was designed to empower developers to think creatively by giving them almost absolute power over creating innovative applications. Bibliography Android Developers. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . Burnette, Ed. Hello, Android: Introducing Google’s Mobile Development Platform. Raleigh, NC: Pragmatic helf, 2010. Print. Burns, Jesse. â€Å"DEVELOPING SECURE MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR ANDROID. † DEVELOPING SECURE MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR ANDROID (2008). Print. Linux. com | The Source for Linux Information. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . Maia, Claudio, Luis Nogueira, and Luis Pinho. â€Å"Evaluating Android OS for Embedded Real-Time Systems. † Print. â€Å"Memory Management in Android  « Welcome to Mobile World !!! † Welcome to Mobile World !!! Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . Shevchenko, Aleksey. â€Å"Application Handling of Database Timeouts and Deadlocks – Developer. om. † Developer. com: Your Home for Java and Open Source Development Knowledge. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"White Paper Android by 2012, Android OS, Android SDK. † Upload Share PowerPoint Presentations and Documents. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . ———————– [1]A Java interpreter machine, completely optimized for Android platform an d which is developed to run on low-end memory mobile devices. One of the prominent aspects in Dalvik is its capability to run along an application compilation enhancing the runtime performance of the applications. Dalvik is not exactly, a Java machine, because Dalvik could not read Java code, but consists its own byte code called â€Å"dex† and so the executable files compacted using Dalvik holds the file type name ‘. dex’. Google states that the credit for Androids successful development goes to Dalvik VM, because this type of virtual machine, delivers a good performance over various stages of an application runtime environment, conserving more battery-power during long run of an application. [2] An embedded relational database management system contained in a elatively small (~275 kB) C programming library. The source code for SQLite is in the public domain. [3] Processing of one command at a time [4] A standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or â€Å"2G†) digital cellular networks [5] A digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backw ard-compatible extension of GSM. [6] A mobile telecommunications technology, developed by Motorola, which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone 7] A channel access method used by various radio communication technologies [8] A telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access [9] A third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard [10] Technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security 11] A mechanism for wirelessly connecting electronic devices [12] A preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as a candidate 4G system [13] NFC allows for simplified transactions, data exchange, and wireless connections between two devices in proximi ty to each other, usually by no more than a few centimeters [14] A communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas How to cite Android Essay, Essays

Richard Iii Summary Essay Example

Richard Iii Summary Essay Richard III Shakespeare successfully portrays (his purpose in relation to the values and expectations of the Elizabethan context) through stage play techniques such as, use of soliloquy, dramatic irony, and humour. He also uses language techniques such as visual imagery and sound imagery throughout his play to explore the villainous role and character of Richard which leads to the development of the key themes in his play, Richard III. The first soliloquy informs the audience of Richard’s inner thoughts while also establishing his character, dark motives, and his intention in the play. The opening statement, â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent†, refers to Richard’s unhappiness as a result of the war ending and the peace that replaces the feeling of villainy. This immediately informs the audience of Richard’s dark personality and the villainy within him. His villainy and evilness is reinforced in â€Å"Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings, Our dreadful marches to delightful measures†, emphasizing that he does not want peace or to share happy times, but instead thrives on chaos and violence. We also learn of Richard’s feelings towards his appearance in his first soliloquy, the adjectives used by Shakespeare describe Richard’s physical defects, â€Å"Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time†. This statement reveals his sense of self unattractiveness which is reinforced in â€Å"That dogs bark at me as I halt by them, showing that his appearance has the ability to even scare animals. His evil and manipulative behaviour is shown again when he plans to set his brothers Clarence and King Edward against each other. This informs the audience of his high level of self importance and that he will always put himself ahead of his family to receive the crown, this is also proven as he is planning to take the lives of Edwards heirs in sacrifice for the crown to himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Iii Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Iii Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Iii Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer