Essay about Martin Luthers Impact on Germany - 1451 Words

Martin Luthers Impact on Germany Although we remember Luther as the great thinker who sparked the reformation with his revolutionary ideas, it would be unfair to not acknowledge that Luther was the first to form these new ideas. Many attempts at reform had been attempted prior to Luther, led by heresies such as John Wycliffe, John Hus et al. In fact, during the course of Christianity there has been resistance and dissent, attempts at reform. Fortunately for Luther, when he made his idea and theses public, the German or rather Holy Roman Empire was in such a state that made conditions very well suited for the acceptance and spread of his words. The conditions that I speak of can be mostly†¦show more content†¦Luthers message was particularly successful in spreading and sustaining due to its flexibility. Luther purposeful made it so, adapting it to different audiences. The finer points were understood by the literate types in the larger cities and the rural communities picked up on beneficial points to the m and the portrayal of a corrupt papacy. The agreement between the literate and illiterate shows just how flexible his message was. Religion was the main subject of Luthers ideas and teachings, his disgust at indulgence selling sparking him of to try and start a reform. The church and clergy were seen as being very corrupt at all levels, and were with held in little respect by many. Indulgences were sold to the laity, denouncing their sins with a word from the pope. These were not cheap and not available to many save the rich who could afford them. This did not please many, believing it was unfair that they would have to spend more time in purgatory just for being materially less well off. Much of the money from indulgence selling went to Albert of Mainz, and was used to fuel yet more corruption, such as bribery prior elections and concubinage, breaking the clergies rules of chastity. This corruption was widespread and present at all levels of the clergy,Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther : A Father Of The Protestant Reformation1462 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther: A Father of the Protestant Reformation During the 16th century, many people began to question the doctrine and practices of the Catholic Church. The church was selling indulgences (forgiveness) to release people from their debt of sin. The higher positions held in the church were being sold to those who would pay the most money. The clergy’s greed and thirst after money essentially divided the church between the peasants and clergy. One man disagreed with the actions of the CatholicRead MoreThe Life of Martin Luther1037 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther was a man who impacted the world’s society and history. He marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, which changed the course of Christianity forever. He was a powerful man of God, who reformed the corrupt Catholic Church, rediscovered the Living Word of God, and restored many authentic Christian doctrines. Luther was a man who changed the world. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany on November 10, 1483 to a middle-class family. During his childhood, two of his brothersRead MoreThe Reformation in Germany1299 Words   |  6 Pagesin Germany to c. AD 1535. The Reformation in Germany, which made a major impact on world history, was started by Martin Luther when, on a quest for his own personal salvation, became disillusioned with the Roman Catholic Church and began to speak out about his beliefs. This essay will describe and account for the progress of the Reformation in Germany to c. AD 1535 by outlining Luther’s life to 1517, the conflict that followed his Ninety-Five Theses, and the disputes of 1518 – 1520. 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Hans Behem,--a manRead MoreMartin Luther Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther (November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546) was a Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luther on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptised the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours, after whom he was named. Luthers call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted inRead MoreMartin Luther and The Protestant Reformation1110 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of October 31st? The answer is probably Halloween, correct? October 31st is a significant date, however, this paper will describe how, in 1517, Martin Luther changed the course of religion with his visionary leadership and ethical beliefs. 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The Effects Of Gender Discrimination On The Workplace

Introduction According to Smith (2013), depression can be described as a low mood and unwillingness to undertake activities due to mental and physical exhaustion. This is common to people who engage in demanding activities that require high concentration and long working hours. Eventually, it leads to poor health, strained social connections as well as low performance and engagement. Notably, the impacts and rate of depression development vary significantly between the genders. In fact, Legato Tucker (2005) argues that women are more prone to experience depression in comparison to men considering they experience hormonal fluctuations. This is a gap is even more pronounced in case the level of stressors is high in certain environment such as working places. Moreover, women are likely to multitask and it requires concentration and devotion to duties. Ultimately, this causes job burnout which is a major cause of depression among women. Furthermore, there are noted cases of gender discrimination in the workplace and it is often directed to women; therefore, in the process of working to attain freedom in a male dominated society, it increases risks of developing depression due to unreasonable demands. As such, this paper will entail reviewing past studies to identify core insights on the depression among women in workplace. In addition, it will seek to present materials in a way that it can be criticized and improved in future studies. Particularly, it will explore theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Gender Discrimination On The Workplace1229 Words   |  5 Pagesour country has made great strides in the area of gender equality in and out of the workplace. With that being said things are still not equal. Women still on average make less than men for the same jobs. Even though they make up almost half of the workforce they are not treated as equals. What causes this blatant discrimination against the female sex? There are so many factors that add to gender discrimination on the workplace but it seems that gender bias, stereotyping, having children and even howRead MoreNegative Effects of Gender Discrimination at Workplaces in the USA1037 Words   |  5 PagesRecently, gender inequality is being emphasized as an acute and persistent problem. In the USA, this is predominantly due to that fact that women are demanding their rights at workplaces. Mostly, they try harder to be appropriate and successful in their careers rather than men. ‘Differential treatment within the labor market is what we refer to as labor market discrimination’ (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2012, p398). Gender discrimination against women in the market place reduces the available talent inRead MoreGender Discrimination : An Ethical Problem Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Gender Discrimination is a type of discrimination where basing on a particular person’s gender (or) sex a person is discriminated, majorly this type of discrimination is faced by women and girls. In this globalized world, where interaction between two individuals became easy as seams of finger touch and where we always debate, speak about the equality rights for men and women, we still see many instances of many individuals being discriminated based on the gender difference. This paperRead MoreEffects Of Discrimination On Females Vs. Males1364 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects Discrimination in the Workplace Have On Females vs. Males A Research Proposal 1. Introduction: I am researching the effects discrimination in the workplace have on females vs. males to find out why males get treated with a higher amount of respect than females. My readers will learn to understand the impact gender differences plays in our everyday lives. The society that we have emerged ourselves within have become so judgmental that equality seems to get ignored. Many individualsRead MoreWhen People Think Of Discrimination, They Tend To Think1254 Words   |  6 Pagespeople think of discrimination, they tend to think back to older times of slavery, racism, and an underdeveloped country. Sadly, discrimination actual plays a large role in the workplace of today. Discrimination is defined as â€Å"treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc.† according to the Cambridge Dictionary (Cambridge University Press 1). 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In a global marketplace diversity is theorised as a corporation that employs a diverse workforce in that includes both genders, people of many generations and those from ethnically and raciallyRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace1749 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Anders Prof. Bross College Writing November 14, 2014 Gender Discrimination in The Workplace In recent years, the issue of gender equality in the workplace and equal pay has been under serious debate. Although there has been significant improvement since when women were first able to work and equal opportunity laws were created, there is still some room for more improvement. The federal government has made laws over the years such as The Civil Rights act, Equal Pay Act and Family andRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1211 Words   |  5 Pages While the world has unanimously advanced and is more accepting of change, the workplace continues to be a place of discrimination, prejudice and inequality. Discrimination is broadly defined to ‘distinguish unfavourably’, isolate; and is context based (Pagura, 2012). Abrahams (1991) described the workplace as an ‘inhospitable place’ where gender disparity and wage gaps persist (Stamarski Son Hing, 2015). Among other states and countries, the Australian government actively implements and passes

Assurance of learning exercises Free Essays

Implemented plans to Inhalant and accelerate the turnaround of the Mix business in Europe. Their plans focused on enhancing the brand by improving product appeal. In order to do this the company made key appointments to the Mix Europe Holdings management team. We will write a custom essay sample on Assurance of learning exercises or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with appointing a new interim CEO, they appointed John Moore as consulting Vice President. Mr.. Moore came with an extensive background. Mr.. Moore was an Important factor with Firebombed Bitch’s Hollister Co. Line and Modern Amusement for Moslem Inc. LIZ Collarbone Inc. Believed that the turnaround process was at a critical juncture and the enhancements, structural changes and new leadership were necessary to reinvigorate the brand and improve performance (Bloomberg. Com). Liz Collarbone Inc. Hired Thomas Grate in 2009 as their permanent CEO for the Mix chain. Grate headed up a plan to improve the chain by changing the business modes so that one manager would oversee all aspects of a product segment, Including design, production, product management, and merchandise management. He called this â€Å"one-hand responsibility. Then there was an urgent need to have a new corporate brand identity focused on the core markets in Germany and the Benelux countries. He implemented sales productivity improvement by accenting a â€Å"consumer need-based merchandise planning approach† and placing an emphasis on e-commerce (Reuters. Com). Grate continued to focus on the right products for the targeted group, not making the Mix line too much Like casual American sportswear or too city oriented. Grate resigned as CEO In 2012. Shortly after this LIZ Collarbone Inc. Sold Mix to The Gores Group which has also implemented many changing in leadership. I think that you need to do whatever is necessary to keep the business thriving. In this case the leaders are very informed and knowledgeable in their industry. The execution has at least stopped the Mix line from its downward spiral. The losses today are less than those predicted by Wall Street. The management brought the Mix line out of the gutter and made it possible for LIZ Collarbone Inc. To sell a majority stake to relieve some of the worries of the struggling chain. How to cite Assurance of learning exercises, Essays

Managing Human Resources for Environmental Sustainability

Question: Discuss the individual challenges, which an organization based on the objectives of the business focuses towards developing a proper human resource management. Answer: Introduction The present assignment will focus on individual challenges, which an organization based on the objectives of the business focuses towards developing a proper human resource management. There are certain assets present in the association. Out of all the assets, the most significant assets in the team are human resource administration. To get the job done by the staffs in an efficient manner is one of the most as well as challenging job for the managers (Collins, 2012). However, there are certain managerial challenges based on the human resource management will be highlighted in the overview of the study, which is reflected in the following part of the survey. Change in the management system, leadership development process, Human Resource effectiveness measurement, the effectiveness of the directorial behavior, various kinds of compensation and learning as well as development are some of the most challenging parameters that the majority of the business firms faces in the operations (De ssler, 2014). The current organization, which is selected in the study, is Optus. Optus is one of the most common as well as important telecom corporation, operates its business in entire Australia. There are some managerial problems, which has been highlighted in the firm operations. To resolve this particular issue, the implementation of change in the overall management is required. Problem Statement This part of the study will analyze as well as specify the problem statement on which the company will focus. The current challenges, which this particular organization faces, are towards change in management, leadership development, and HR effectiveness measurements. Leadership development is the second biggest problem which different organization including Optus faces in the daily business operations (Holmqvist Spicer, 2013). Human resource professional emphasize to reduce high absenteeism, workplace harassment, high staff turnover, loss of profit, sabotage, work related injuries, racism and discrimination (Homann, Koslowski, Lutge, 2007). These are some of the standard parameters which majority of the human resource managers tries to eliminate from the organization (Dessler, 2014). The idea of ability to effetely management a diverse body of different kinds of talents in the group. All theses will bring different various innovative ideas, perspective as well as the view of the w ork. On the other hand, with the mixture of the various talents as well as a cultural background in the business can be benefited more from research skills, which must be one of the group goals to be ttained and support of diversity broadly which will present losing talent to competitors (Lengnick-Hall, Beck, Lengnick-Hall, 2011). To increase the overall efficiency, the performance of the employees contributes a significant part towards the achievement of the organizational goals and activities (Homann, Koslowski, Lutge, 2007). Globalizations of business, which includes outsourcing, and off shoring as well as global security and on the other hand Economic, as well as technological changes, are some of the additional problems HR management of Optus faces in the business operations (Mondy Mondy, 2014). The rate of absenteeism is increased day by day, which usually hampers the overall production of the business. Workplace harassment is another problem, which this group faces, in the daily managerial operations. The final issues, which Optus is facing is the loss of profit. Analysis and solutions of the problem This part of the study will examine all the crucial factor, which will conclude how the current problem in the business will be resolved. The primary job of the management is to identify what are the key factors, which are affecting the productivity of the employees. The main reason is the employees are de motivated. There are certain reasons why the employees of the organisations are de motivated. The notion of motivation can be concluded as the value of the desired outcome with the value of achieving it (Pynes Lombardi, 2012). Some of the key factors, which can be completed as the primary reasons for motivation, are analyzed in the following part of the study. The classification is done based on two factors. One factor is known as the internal reward and the other factor is known as the external rewards system. These are the two elements, which Optus needs to focus on (Shen, 2011). The outer reward system includes salary, working conditions, benefits, and environment and on the ot her hand, internal reward system includes achievement, responsibility, recognition, feedback, learning, and growth (Shen Jiuhua Zhu, 2011). The analysis of the problem can be done if relevant examples support all these factors. Performance, responsibility, recognition, feedback, as well as learning and growths, are the critical area that needs to focus in order concludes how the peoples are motivated. Achievement can be done through programs that highlight performance (Snell Bohlander, 2013). Responsibilities have volunteer programs and another plan, which enables different employees to highlight their liability in the process of each other and the society to a large, extend. Recognition can be concluded as motivating employees which includes awards like quality service awards, best operations award and best trainer acts (Truss, Mankin, Kelliher, 2012). Feedback system and performance appraisal are the two factors, which concludes towards developing a proper feedback system in th e organization, which boost the morale of the employees largely (Collins, 2012). The final point, which the current structure is lacking at, is to organizational learning as well as corporate growth. Managerial learning, as well as corporate growth, gives a lot of importance towards tanning and development process (Homann, Koslowski, Lutge, 2007). On the other hand, analyzing the needs to recognizing the competency gaps and impart knowledge through customized tanning and development programs. To identify the key issues to conclude the factor why the employees are de motivated are the lack of learning opportunities, bad management, and bad feedback in the association (Dessler, 2014). Development of change program activity To solve the particular issues in the current team the management needs to develop a proper shift in the overall managerial and operational activities in the association. Some of the key factors, which the team needs to develop to bring changes as well as to develop a proper organizational function, are listed in the following part of the assignment (Holmqvist Spicer, 2013). Forces for change, the principle of changes, inspiring modification, creating a vision of change, increasing following support, managing transitions, and supporting momentum are the key factors, which needs to be analyzed towards a development of change program activity. Change in the management system is necessary and on the other hand, absorption of change in the management system is equally important (Homann, Koslowski, Lutge, 2007). Change is a procedure that can be enable which cannot be managed. The development of the transform process must be connected to the commerce and with the presentation goal (Jack son, Ones, Dilchert, 2012). To develop an efficient change process, a systematic view of Optus is required to produce. The overall change process in the management includes both organizational as well as personal transitions. On the other behavioral change is the purpose which includes perceived needs and occur at the emotional level not at the intellectual level (Mondy Mondy, 2014). Optus also needs to focus on the factors on which the human resources of the organizational will be benefited. It is the job of the management to concentrate on both the interest of the business as well as the benefit of the employees. There are eight steps, which Optus needs to follow towards a proper change in the overall management system (Pynes Lombardi, 2012). The first step the management needs to support the change. It is very much critical that the administration should support the change and demonstrate that support when communicating and interacting with the stuff (Shen, 2011). The second step is to analyze the case for change. There are individual sources from which a case for change can be concluded. The third phase for Optus is to investigate the employees involvement, which should involve the views of the employees at some level of the managerial activities (Shen Jiuhua Zhu, 2011). The next step is towards communicating the change, which should follow a particular as systematic structure. Implementation of changes is one of the crucial part in which the management needs to arrange a proper follow up system, which will remove all the barriers in the organizational operations (Snell Bohlander, 2013). Conclusion The concluding part of the study will investigate what are the key factors, which will bring a proper change in the overall management of Optus. There are certain HR related problems, which the present organization needs to focus, in order to solve the current issues mainly on employee unrest, high absenteeism, and workplace bullying harassment, racism and discriminations. The productivity of the organization being hampered a lot with the following identified issues. In order to solve all current issues the organization needs to implement a proper change management system, which will analyze as well conclude the best solution to solve the highlighted problem in the management and will undoubtedly increase the overall productivity Reference List Collins, D. (2012).Business ethics. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2014).Fundamentals of human resource management. Boston: Pearson. Holmqvist, M. Spicer, A. (2013).Managing 'human resources' by exploiting and exploring people's potentials. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Homann, K., Koslowski, P., Lutge, C. (2007).Globalisation and business ethics. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Jackson, S., Ones, D., Dilchert, S. (2012).Managing human resources for environmental sustainability. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. Lengnick-Hall, C., Beck, T., Lengnick-Hall, M. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,21(3), 243-255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.07.001 Mondy, R. Mondy, J. (2014).Human resource management. Boston: Pearson. Pynes, J. Lombardi, D. (2012).Human resources management for health care organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Shen, J. (2011). Developing the concept of socially responsible international human resource management.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,22(6), 1351-1363. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.559104 Shen, J. Jiuhua Zhu, C. (2011). Effects of socially responsible human resource management on employee organizational commitment.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,22(15), 3020-3035. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.599951 Snell, S. Bohlander, G. (2013).Managing human resources. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Truss, C., Mankin, D., Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Government Intervention And Antitrust Law Essays -

Government Intervention And Antitrust Law Government Intervention in Individual Markets: A Look at Government Intervention and Antitrust Law via the Microsoft Case Growth and Development in the US Economy 36-363 Professor Burnett Josh Preiser 0032432 May 9, 2000 Preface In light of recent developments, I took a different approach to this paper. The Microsoft Antitrust case has been somewhat of a phenomenon that has become one of the most prominent cases in recent years. Because of this, I decided to look at government intervention into individual markets, along with antitrust law, via that particular case. I am of the opinion that we can learn a great deal by using that particular ongoing litigation. Antitrust law protects the public from companies that attain an undue domination of the marketplace via mergers, tying 1 product to another, vertical integration, and other practices tending to eliminate competition or bar entry into the market to newcomers. In the early 1980s, Microsoft was a much smaller company than it is today. However, it had already established a reputation of being a predator, a greedy predator. They were known to terminate licenses mercilessly once they figured out a way to clone a given technology, regardless of whether it was legal or not. Back then, Microsoft had some enthusiastic competition. The biggest of which were Borland (programming), Ashton-Tate (databases), Visicalc and Lotus (spreadsheets), as well as Wordstar and WordPerfect (word processors). All of these companies have now either merged out of existence or are completely defunct, with the exceptions of Borland and Lotus (which are barely afloat). Microsoft now has the leading product in each sector of the market once occupied by these firms. The company was responsible for ridding itself of these early competitors by either buying them out or simply driving them into the ground. This early disregard set the tone for how Microsoft does business eve n today. Microsoft's advantage comes from their domination of operating systems (OS). ?By definition, if the OS maker creates applications, they will run better with the OS than a third party's, and the OS owner can, over time, create modifications that will make this even more so,? (Rapacious 1). Microsoft has the power to leverage their dominance in operating systems (Microsoft currently has its Windows software in over 90% of all PCs) to gain a large market share in the various application sectors. They have always been able to do this and as a result have been able to get, or achieve, whatever it is that they have wanted. This is the vertical integration that the antitrust laws talk about. In a July 1994, settlement, the Justice Department came to an agreement with the software giant over the antitrust charges it had filed against the company. The charges were brought after the department found out that Microsoft was giving personal computer manufacturers a discount on their OS when the PC manufacturer would pay the company a royalty for each computer sold, including those without MS-DOS or Windows software installed. ?The practice gave PC makers little incentive to install competing programs since they would have had to pay a royalty to both the competitor and Microsoft,? (Ramstad 1). The settlement only dealt with this single count and left Microsoft alone to continue performing its numerous other anti-competitive practices. In the spring of 1995, Judge Stanley Sporkin rejected the deal that the Justice Department settled on. He did so on the grounds that: 1. The government refused to give the court enough information about the agreement; 2. The deal was too narrow; it failed to deal with issues like OS/application leverage, and allegations that Microsoft intentionally made changes to Windows that made third party applications hard to run; 3. The parties did not adequately consider anti-competitive issues; 4. The deal was unsatisfactory when it came to enforcement and compliance mechanisms. Around the time of the settlement, some suggestions started to come about how to deal with Microsoft. Stewart Alsop suggested ?that Microsoft be forced to document the API's in Windows, so that other companies could legally clone it. That would still leave Microsoft an eighteen month head start on each release,? (Rapacious 3). It was also suggested that the company be broken up. This way, the operating system and the applications would be separated into different companies and the playing

An Analysis and Comparison Between Talbots Inc. and Chicos Fas, Inc. Essays

An Analysis and Comparison Between Talbots Inc. and Chicos Fas, Inc. Essays An Analysis and Comparison Between Talbots Inc. and Chicos Fas, Inc. Essay An Analysis and Comparison Between Talbots Inc. and Chicos Fas, Inc. Essay A Brief Summary of the Businesses The purpose of this term paper is to discuss the similarities and differences between Talbots Inc. (Talbots) and Chicos FAS Inc. (Chicos). This paper will detail the nature of each companys respective business, past financial performance, and expected future outlook. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section will discuss each companys history, business structure, and future plans independently from each other. The second section will discuss several important financial ratios and provide a detailed analysis comparing the two companies. By the end of this analysis, the reader will have a better understanding of these two retailers and the industry in which they operate. Chicos is a specialty retailer of private label womens merchandise, with fashion looks ranging from casual to dressy. The company also sells intimates, accessories and other non-clothing items. Chicos began its operations in 1983 with its target market being women over 35 years old and of moderate to high level income households. The company designs the vast majority of its products in-house or through its independent vendors. Chicos has made small acquisitions of product lines and/or companies, including the White House / Black Market (WHBM) brand and Somas, as well as acquiring most of the assets of Fitigues which operated 784 retail stores in 47 states, the District of Columbia, the U. S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Over the past several years, Chicos has continued to open new stores. Chicos business strategy is focused on its private-label merchandise and the accessories it sells at a great, bargain value. As of March 17, 2006, Chicos operated 31 Chicos brand outlet stores, eight WHBM brand outlet stores and one Fitigues brand outlet store. Currently, the distribution for all brands (except the Fitigues brand) is handled through Chicos distribution center in Winder, Georgia. As of January 28, 2006, Chicos had roughly 11,000 employees. In fiscal year 2005 (FY 2005 ), Chicos continued to see strong growth in its financial performance. Chicos reported its ninth consecutive year of double-digit comparable same store sales increases, as well as record revenues, net income and its highest ever operating margin. They also elieve that the increase in comparable Company store net sales in the current fiscal year resulted from the continuing effort to focus Chicos product development, merchandise planning and allocation, buying, technical design, and marketing departments on Chicos target customers. In FY 2005, net income rose 37. 4% from $141 million to $194 million. Net sales increased for the FY 2005 by 31. 7%, to $1. 4 billion and operating income rose 33% to $298 million. The main drivers in the increase of net sales were catalogue orders and Internet orders for FY 2005, which increased by $9. 3 million, or 34. 7%, compared to FY 2004. It is believed that this increase was primarily due to the increased circulation of catalogue mailings and additional television spots in FY 2005 compared to FY 2004. Comparable store sales for Chicos owned stores increased 14. 3% year over year, primarily due to increased transactions compared to FY 2004. Chicos believes that comparable store sales growth is critical in achieving its ability to manage their stores efficiently and continue future increases in financial performance. In other words, by increasing the transactions per store, while minimizing markdowns, and other miscellaneous costs, the same store sales will increase. Besides their operating liabilities, Chicos is virtually debt-free, while having cash and marketable securities of over $400 million. In FY 2005, Chicos generated $268 million of cash flow from operations compared with $224 million in FY 2004, an increase of 20%. Strong cash flow is paramount to Chicos future success. By efficiently managing its cash flows, Chicos will help support its general operating needs and capital expenditure requirements while simultaneously increasing shareholder value (i. e. , increasing the present value of future cash flows). In FY 2005, Chicos brand strategy was re-focused by refining the business operations, and broadening the customer base. In FY 2005, Chicos opened a total of 106 new stores, 57 Chicos stores, 44 WHBM store, and five Somas stores. In addition to its new store openings, 36 stores increased their square footage, thus allowing them to have more merchandise readily available to the customer. Based on its current business strategy, Chicos will continue improving their existing stores by increasing the square footage as additional selling space is needed. In addition, the Chicos loyalty club (also known as Passport) reached 1. 7 million permanent members with spending in excess of $500 by the end of FY 2005. As Chicos moves into FY 2006, their goal remains unchanged: to continue to create and grow strong branded concepts that target compelling niche markets and ultimately deliver predictable, sustainable growth to out shareholders . In FY 2006, Chicos plans to open between 140 and 165 net new stores (as of January 2007, there are currently 920 total stores). Talbots is a national specialty retailer and cataloguer of womens, childrens and mens classic apparel, accessories and shoes. Talbots operates stores in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. They offer many varieties of clothes, ranging from sportswear to casual wear and shoes. They also brand their own merchandise in misses and womens petite sizes. Talbots merchandising strategy focuses on achieving a classic look, emphasizing different styles and quality. Talbots stores and catalogues offer the option to mix and match clothing with accessories, enabling the customer to complete their wardrobe. Talbots has two reportable segments, including the retail segment and direct marketing segment (i. e. , the internet and catalogue sales). Each segment requires a different marketing and management strategy. The retail segments (based on television and printed advertisements) revenue is driven primarily by the in-store sales of women, children and mens clothing and accessories. The direct marketing segments (based on online advertising and mailings) revenue is driven primarily by its approximately 25 catalogue mailings per year and online, via the website. Talbots currently circulates 48 million catalogues per year. As of January 28, 2006, Talbots employed 11,600 people and operated a total of 1,082 stores (as compared to 1,049 stores in FY 2004). Based on Talbots filing of the 10-K, net sales in FY 2005 were $1,808,606 compared to $1,697,843 in FY 2004, an increase of 6. 5%. Operating income was $152,148 in FY 2005, compared to $142,115 in FY 2004, an increase of 7. 1%. Cash flow from operations was 12% of sales, or $211,438 for FY 2005, compared to $155,223 for FY 2004. Total revenues for the year rose 7% to approximately $1. billion. Comparable store sales also grew at a modest 2. 6%. Comparable store sales were positive in each of the first seven months of FY 2005, driven by a healthy sales performance across the U. S.. However, the catastrophes of Hurricane Katrina and Rita, led to a decrease in comparable store sales in September 2005 as Talbots had significant operations in the south (roughly 50 stores, from Louisiana to Alabama , up to Arkansas and Kentucky). Due to the natural disasters, Talbots needed to markdown its merchandise in order to clear out unsold inventory. Another reason for the small comparable same store sales, year over year, was also due to the fact of more of the same styles, thus, resulting in fewer options to choose from for the customer, again resulting in markdowns. The final reason for the lower sales was due to Talbots releasing fall clothing in September, based on customer patterns, but the customers were not ready to buy such clothing at that time period. In other words, for this time period, Talbots did not have a good sense of product differentiation, as many of these styles werent unique or unusual to the general population. Customers were not enthusiastic about the semi-annual sale either, and much of the summer inventory was also left unsold. Because of this, inventory was up 3. 4% in FY 2005 as compared to FY 2004. Talbots direct marketing business also increased at 9% to $265 million, driven by an impressive 28% increase in internet sales. Online sales accounted for roughly 42% of the total direct marketing sales, up from 36% in FY 2004. Besides record profits for the third consecutive year, Talbots set a record for Internet and catalogue order fulfilments. Based on the companys studies, 50% of customers who visit Talbots online are considered window-shoppers, who would then make their purchases at their local stores. Likewise, 67% of those who receive catalogues would also shop in the store within two weeks. Talbots has a credit charge card, except theirs does not go through a third party, as they have their own department who process orders and fulfil sales (also known as the Talbots Charge Card), to roughly 600,000 customers. The nature of the business tends to create two different distinct selling seasons; spring and fall. During the spring season, direct marketing sales are stronger in the first quarter, while retail store sales become stronger in the second quarter. During the fall and winter seasons, both the retail stores and direct marketing have strong fourth quarters, as Christmas holiday season is the primary cause. The Companys fourth quarter sales for the last two years were 26. 9% for FY 2005 and 27. 7% for FY 2004, of total sales for the year. The Companys merchandising strategy focuses on liquidating seasonal inventory at the end of each selling season which historically happens at the end of the second and fourth quarters. These markdowns usually lead to an increase in sales; however, since these are markdowns, this negatively impacts the companys bottom line. Understanding the Businesses, based on Ratios and Financial Statements I will now start discussing the financials of both companies, based on the form 10-K filed with the SEC. A comparison of both companies will be performed from the perspective of financial ratios as well as benchmarking against the industry average for several of the ratios. The first ratio that I will discuss is the price earnings ratio, also known as the P/E ratio, as well as price multiple or earnings multiple. The P/E ratio is calculated by the market price of the security in relation to the earnings per share of the security. The historic P/E ratio for Chicos as of January 28th, 2006 was 39. 8, while the P/E ratio for Talbots during the same time was 16. 5. In general, a high P/E suggests that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to compani es with a lower P/E, but this isnt always the case. For Chicos, an investor is willing to pay $39. 8 for $1 of current earnings while Talbots investors are willing to pay $16. 5 for $1 of current earnings. I will now touch upon another very important ratio, the quality of inventory turnover analysis. As we are dealing and focusing on retail businesses, understanding this ratio is paramount to the industry, as this is the heart of the business. The inventory turnover is calculated by taking the cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory for the year. This ratio measures the efficiency of a companys inventory management and should be compared against industry averages. A low turnover implies poor sales and therefore, excess inventory. A high ratio implies either strong sales or ineffective buying. For FY 2005, Chicos inventory turnover was 6. 5, while Talbots was 4. 8. Based on these numbers, we can see that Chicos inventory moves more quickly through the production process to the ultimate sale to the customer, thus reducing storage and miscellaneous costs. Since 2001, inventory turnover has increased each year for Chicos, while Talbots inventory turnover has decreased during the past year. Much of this has to do with the hurricanes during September, as well as incorrectly forecasting customers patterns of when they would buy products, thus resulting in price markdowns. To note, the industry average inventory turnover is 4. 56. Gross profit margin (GPM) is also a very important measure for retailers. The GPM shows the relationship between sales revenue and cost of sales and indicates the portion each dollar of sales that contributes to the companys profit. GPM is calculated as revenue minus cost of goods sold divided by revenue. Chicos GPM was 61% in FY 2005, 61. 4% in FY 2004 and 60. 5% in FY 2003. The GPM for Talbots during the past three years was 36. 2% in FY 2005, 35. 6% in FY 2004 and 38. 3% in FY 2003. Gross profit margin serves as the source for paying additional expenses and future savings. As with most retailers, they [i. e. the industry] are very fickle with fashion (i. e. wrong guess in style and design could ruin an entire season). This typically results in price markdowns. In this particular case, I feel that Talbots fluctuation between FY 2003 to FY 2005 could be based on the fact that they had bad styling and designs for the line of clothing and accessories, and the customers were not pleased. Another ratio I will discuss is the net profit margin (NPM) . It is calculated as net income divided by net sales. Based on FY 2005 results, the NPM for Chicos was 13. 8% while the NPM for Talbots was 5. 15%. What NPM truly shows is managements effectiveness at controlling revenues and expenses to generate greater shareholder returns. Basically, it measures the portion of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. Since 2003, Chicos NPM has steadily increased, while Talbots NPM has steadily decreased. The NPM since 2003 for Chicos was 13. 24% in FY 2004 and 13. 04% in FY 2003. The NPM for Talbots over the same time span was 5. 2% in FY 2004 and 6. 44% in FY 2003. This may also be attributable to Talbots inefficiency to sell and market their products. I will now touch upon another very important ratio, the quality of income ratio (QIR). The QIR is calculated as cash flow from operating activities divided by net income. The QIR measures the portion of income that was generated in cash. With all things being equal, a higher QIR indicates greater ability to finance operating and other cash needs from operating cash flows. Any ratio [QIR] that is greater than 1:1 is considered quality income. Based on FY 2005, Chicos QIR was 1. 38:1, while Talbots was 2. 27:1. Based on the assumption that anything greater than 1:1 is quality income, both Chicos and Talbots have quality income. The next two ratios are considered liquidity ratios . The first ratio that I will talk about is the working capital turnover. Working capital turnover is used as a means of comparing the depletion of working capital to the generation of sales over a given time period (i. e. money used to fund operations and the sales generated from these operations). This provides some useful information as to how effectively a company is utilizing its working capital to generate sales. It is calculated by dividing sales by working capital . Based on FY 2005 results, the working capital turnover for Chicos was 3. 38, while the working capital turnover for Talbots was 4. 81. In a general sense, the higher the working capital turnover, the better, because it means that the company is generating a lot of sales compared to the money it uses to fund the sales. The current ratio is also a term used frequently when discussing a companys liquidity. The current ratio measures a companys ability to pay short-term obligations utilizing current assets. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. It is also known as liquidity ratio, cash asset ratio, and cash ratio. The higher the current ratio, the more capable the company is of paying its current obligations. The current ratio for Chicos is 4. 39:1 and Talbots is 2. 54:1. Based on these ratios, it can be assumed that both companies do not have any issues paying off their obligations. Free cash flow (FCF) is an integral part of every company. It is a measure of financial performance calculated as operating cash flow less capital expenditures and dividends. In other words, FCF represents the cash that a company is able to generate after expending the money required to maintain or expand its asset base. FCF is important because it allows a company to pursue opportunities that enhance shareholder value. Without cash, it is difficult to develop new products, make acquisitions, pay dividends or reduce debt. Based on the calculations, the FCF for Chicos is 120,771 and the FCF for Talbots is 113,420. Debt to equity is yet another important term used when discussing companies. It is a measure of a companys financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders equity (also can be calculated by long-term debt divided by stockholders equity). It indicates the portion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. Chicos debt to equity is 0. 24 (24%) while Talbots is 0. 83 (83%). In this case, both Chicos as well as Talbots assets are primarily financed through equity. In the same category as debt to equity, return on equity (ROE) is also a useful tool in measuring a corporations profitability. It reveals how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested. The ROE is useful for comparing the profitability of a company to that of other firms in the same industry. ROE is viewed as one of the most important financial ratios. ROE is equal to a fiscal years net income (after preferred stock dividends but before common stock dividends) divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage. Based on FY 2005 calculations, the ROE for Chicos was 28. 4% and the ROE for Talbots was 15. 3%. Based on these calculations, it shows that Chicos is more efficient at generating profits for every dollar of net assets, and to that extent, shows how well it uses investment dollars to generate earnings growth. Gross profit percentage (GPP) is another measurement used to analyze companies. It measures how much of every sales dollar is considered gross profit. All things being equal, a high gross profit results in higher net income. For FY 2005, Chicos GPP was 61%, while Talbots was 36. 2%. Historically, the GPP for Chicos was a bit higher than 61% (61. 4% in FY 2004 and 61. 3% in FY 2003). The decrease of 40 basis points over the last year resulted primarily from a decrease in merchandise margins from their outlet stores, as well as their investments into WHBM and Somas. Year over year, Talbots GPP increased from 35. 6% in FY 2004 to 36. 2% in FY 2005. The final ratio I will talk about is the total asset turnover (TAT). The TAT can be defined as sales (or operating) revenues divided by average total assets. In other words, the amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. Asset turnover measures a firms efficiency at using its assets in generating sales or revenue the higher the number the better. It also indicates pricing strategy: companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, while those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Based on FY 2005 results, the TAT for Chicos as well as Talbots was 1. 64. Regarding the common sized income statement, I will now express the ending fiscal year figures since for Chicos as well as Talbots. CHICOS To note, all percentages above represent their respective dollar amounts over net sales, with net sales being 100%. For instance, the gross profit (net sales minus cost of goods sold) was $857,042. $857,042 divided by $1,404,575 is 61%. TALBOTS The same situation is expressed here. Net sales for the year were $1,808,606 (expressed in thousands). Hence, if cost of sales was 63. 8%, then the actual dollar amount was equivalent to $1,153,890. Thus the gross profit (not expressed above) is $654,872 (roughly 36. 2%). Every percentage is divided by the net sales to achieve the desired result (within reason). In conclusion, there is a lot to be said about these two companies and where they are going. They are both highly motivated to produce the highest quality merchandise and they scale their merchandise to the mid-income families, more towards the women 35 and over. While one company was gaining ground versus their peers, the other was having an average year, but the negativity was centered on the hurricanes and bad judgement of when styles were in and when to have their sales. Much can be said about these companies, and where they are heading. Both CEOs seem very upbeat and optimistic about the market as well as their expansion. Both companies feel that their future success relies on the many different factors, and that uncertainties will occur. These potential risks and uncertainties include the financial strength of retailing in particular and the economy in general, the extent of financial difficulties that may be experienced by customers, the quality of merchandise received from vendors, the extent and nature of competition in the markets in which the companies operate, and the extent of the market demand and overall level of spending for womens private label clothing and related accessories, to name a few. Hopefully, after reading this analysis and comparison of Chicos and Talbots, you were able to understand a bit more about the nature of their businesses and management strategies.

Power, poliics and knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Power, poliics and knowledge - Essay Example Power is very important to the managers or leaders of any organization since it is essential in the directing of its staff. However, the process of acquiring power and using it usually ruins the ethics and values held in the organization (Kelly, 1988 p.3). Discussion Power defines leadership in any company and by definition; leadership refers to the ability of directing a group of employees towards achieving the goals of an organization. Therefore, leadership has formed the basis of classifying managers into five groups or profiles, namely: leader, destructive achiever, builder, mechanic, and innovator (Kelly, 1988 p. 4). The leader refers to the ethical manager who effectively uses his charisma to lead other employees towards achieving organization goals. The builder on the other hand refers to the manager who might be ethical but lacks charisma. Therefore, they are referred to as leaders with limited leadership potential. The destructive achiever is an unethical manager who, even t hough might have high potential, he or she will not contribute towards the achievement of the long term goals of the organization. The innovator is a very creative manager in his or her field but is not termed as a leader and is sometimes termed untrustworthy. Lastly, the mechanics refers to the persons that are competent in their profession but lack the personal impact towards settling of group issues. Therefore, they are not considered leaders or builders of the organization. From the managers listed above, it is evident that for any organization to be prosperous, it requires leaders who are ethical and have charisma which are essential in the realization of the long-term goals of the organization. Ethics is demanded by the society in any given part of the world. Therefore, it has led to the classification of ethics into two groups: ethics of integrity and ethics of social responsibility. The demand for integrity in the business came into existence following the arrival of new mil lennium, which led to the increased number of accounting scandals that occurred in different parts of the world. The results were negative for example; many organizations lost their trust in the corporate world. The demand for social responsibility maintains safety to the society as well as the environment it operates (Jeurissen 2007, p. 3). According to ethics, the exercise of power must conform to the cultural standards as well as the legal standards of ethics. For instance, it has been termed unethical for any organization to use power for its own gain by engaging in illegal activities. For example, an HR assistant has the power of representing the services of the company to client companies as a process of obtaining customers. However, if he or she lies to the clients as a way of gaining more clients is an unethical behavior (Society for Human Resource Management, 2006 p.180). Many workers or employees of an organization have been in dilemma following the use of power by the sen iors. Many employees have experienced tough challenges in choosing between what is good for the organization in terms of profitability and what is right according to the set ethical standards in the community. The findings of the research conducted among the graduates at Harvard revealed that young managers were being forced to make decisions, some of which were unethical by their seniors. Even though the actions were unethical, the young managers still complied because of fear of losing their jobs.

Market Structures Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Structures Analyses - Essay Example The producers can't afford the labor without selling their crops. Their debts build up and their crops are left to ruin. In a perfectly competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers and therefore no individual player can influence the market as a whole. Hence the firms become "price takers" by accepting the price determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves. Therefore the firm's demand curve is perfectly elastic and price equals marginal revenue as shown in the graph. Individual firms cannot increase prices due to the competitiveness of the market and the highly elastic demand curve. Hence there are normal profits to be gained for the producers. The products are homogenous and therefore the buyers are indifferent as to which firm they purchase from. There are no barriers to entry or exit; hence firms can enter and leave the industry with no cost liabilities. In such a competitive environment, there is maximum efficiency and competent allocation of resources with minimum wastage. A trace of monopolistic competition is found in chapter 13 of the book where the Joads stop to fill gas at a gas station. The owner of the station is characterized as a crushed man, one who is afraid of the change that the world around him has embraced. He talks about how he sees cars move west all day and the only ones that stop in his station are the ones that have no money. They exchange beds, baby buggies, pots, pans, dolls, even shoes for the gas. The rich cars, however, stop only at company stations in town. He refers to these stations as the yellow painted ones in town. We also notice how the owner tries to imitate the company stations with the yellow paint but fails because of the loose hangings and the old cracks in his beaten old station. Monopolistic competition or imperfect competition is relatively similar to that of perfect competition except that the products are not homogenous. There are large number of players in the market, but due to differentiation of products, each individual firm has a small market share and a limited ability to influence prices. In this market, the barriers to entry are very small and there is sufficient product knowledge among the consumers. Product differentiation, which is the characteristic of monopolistic competition, creates a difference between products by deeming them similar but not identical. The product of one producer can be differentiated from that of another. A competitive producer uses non price competitive methods such as advertising, packaging, brand names, design to differentiate his products. There are substitutes in the market but they are not perfect substitutes. Firms have some control over prices, but the demand curve remains downward sloping and elastic. The producer aims at maximizing his profits by charging as much as he can over and above the output where his marginal revenue and costs equal, without compromising his sales. In the long run, however, new entries will shift the demand curve and the cost curve, thereby squeezing the profits. Oligopoly Chapter 19 narrates the

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry - Essay Example The gloominess of the poems is enough to create a sense of hopelessness and human misery. This paper tends to analyze the two poems, and makes a comparison to comprehend the similarities and differences in them. Let’s start with the 14 line poem â€Å"For My Daughter† by Weldon Kees. The poet starts with a narration of his daughter, and describes the three kinds of miseries that she is going through, or is expected to go through. Lines 2-3 â€Å"Beneath the innocence of morning flesh/ Concealed, hintings of death she does not heed† reveal that the girl is suffering from some disease, and is near to death. The poem was written in a time when disease would go untreated, and this shows in the poem too. She is â€Å"fed on hate† (line 10), which means that her life is burdened with abhorrence. â€Å"Bride of a syphilitic or a fool† (line 12) shows that the girl has been married to a person who is sick with a sexually transmitted disease. He has infected her too which is why she is waiting for death to come to her. The essence of the poem is in the lines 13-14: â€Å"These speculations sour in the sun./ I have no daughter. I desire none.† These lines show the worthlessness of the life of a woman. First, it gets revealed that the poet is talking about a made-up character and has considered it as his daughter; and second, the poet shows hatred toward that character by stating that he does not want a daughter. We assume that he believes that if he had a daughter, she would have gone through a very miserable life, which is why he does not long for her existence anymore. He believes that it is better to have no daughter than to have one and leave her to face all the hurdles of life. This reveals the insignificance of a woman’s life that is stereotyped as despondent and bleak, so much so that it makes a daughter an unwanted being. The free-verse, three stanza poem â€Å"Grass† by Carl Sandburg is a depiction of death leading to worthlessness. The narrator of the poem is â€Å"grass†, which also implies â€Å"Nature†. The grass orders to pile up the bodies of soldiers at Austerlitz, Waterloo, Gettysburg, Ypres and Verdun. Soldiers that have died in wars have to be piled and buried at these places. â€Å"Shovel them under and let me work† is repeated twice, which stress upon the fact that the Nature is running its course no matter what happens. â€Å"I am the grass† and â€Å"let me work† also appear twice, which highlights the power of the Nature. This strength shows in line 3: â€Å"I am the grass; I cover all† because this depicts the fact that Nature has the power to cover the filthy work of humans, making them as clean and pure as they were born. The poem tells how soldiers are killed and buried, and how their sacrifices are easily forgotten by people. Time passes, and people even forget who they were and where they were buried. This shows the worthl essness of the lives of dead soldiers. â€Å"Two years, ten years, and passengers ask the conductor: What place is this? Where are we now?† shows how easily people forget what has happened in the past which enabled them to be what they are. Lessons of history are forgotten but repeated. Whatever happens, Nature continues its work. Putting it all together, it is seen that both the poems compared above are based on the same themes: death and worthlessness. Both the poems are based on different ideas, but talk about human misery, pain,

Communicative Functions of Sentences

Communicative Functions of Sentences (Timothy. Shopen 2007) stated that, there are at least four senses in which one can talk about clause or sentence types in a language. One way is in terms of the distinction between declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. A second sense of clause type is represented by the distinction between main clause and subordinate clause, and among different types of subordinate clauses. Issues related to this sense are discussed in the chapters on subordination, A third sense of clause type concerns the way the same event or situation can be spoken about, from different perspectives, with grammatical consequences such as voice and pragmatic consequences such as topic and focus. The fourth sense, the one discussed, involves different types of clauses in terms of their internal structure, primarily surrounding different types of predicates. Here, the most basic distinction is between verbal and nonverbal predicates. Literature review: Sentence in traditional grammar Introduction: B.A.Okolo(2008) stated that the traditional grammarian fellow a certain procedure according to what he understand about the nature of the language, he added that if the language is the reflection of our thought, then there must be correlation between what we think and the language that we express our thoughts, and that why traditional grammarian began his description with complete meaning full statement, imposing that each sentence must has subject and predicate, thus these parts contribute each other to the meaning of the whole sentences. Definition of a sentence in traditional grammar Sidney. Greenbaum (2002) stated that the traditional definition of the sentence is that A sentence is a group of words that express a complete thought but he argued that this definition is notional, because it could lead to misunderstanding to what it meant by a complete thought, so he approved this assumption by explaining that some sentences have more than a thought. B. A. Okolo (2008) added that the words complete thought in traditional definition of a sentences do not mean logically complete, because logical complete thought does not turned out to be a sentence, but the paragraph, the essay, the chapter or even the whole book. Sidney (2002) defined the sentence as a group of words that begins with capital letter and ends with full stop, but again he argued this definition stating that there are a large number of sentences begin with two capital letters (in the case of nouns) and still considered as sentences, and others begin with capital letter but not end with capital letter like imperatives, exclamations and questions, so this definition is not adequate. Another common definition of sentence in traditional grammar is that a sentence is a group of words that consist of subject and predicate but A. B (2008) argued that by stating that lots of sentences in English do not consist of subject take like for example imperative take off your shoes thus sentence is easy to describe (explain) rather than define. Bas Arts and April MCmahan (2006) defined the sentence as A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied together and convey an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and rules regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a terminal punctuation mark (period, question mark or exclamation point). It is important for English writers to know the language of sentence grammar terms in order to be able to analyze and develop their writing Sentence types according to meaning and word order: M. Verspoor and K. Sauter (2000) stated that English sentences can be classified according to communicative functions and patterns into four basic finds: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory sentence patterns, they added that when people communicate, they communicate for various reasons, but the four main reasons are: To inform someone of something To get information from someone To get someone to do something To express ones attitude about something And each of these communicative functions has the following patterns John is leaving. Is John leaving? Leave! How awful John is leaving! So these patterns have the following syntactic characteristics: Subject- whole verb Part of verb- subject- rest of the verb Verb by itself How à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Followed by remainder of sentence Thus the words john is leaving express the following functions Informing (declarative) Asking for information (interrogative) Getting someone to do something (imperative) Expressing feeling/attitude (exclamatory) B.A.Okol (2008) added that traditional grammarians generally agreed that sentences can express four kinds of meaning Facts (declarative sentences) The declarative sentence is used chiefly to make an assertion; usually it states a fact, but sometimes a probability, a possibility, or even an impossibility, the normal word-order of the declarative sentence is subject-verb or subject-verb-complement. This order is usually changed. Commands (imperative sentences) An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request, there is usually no formal difference between an imperative sentence with expressed subject and a declarative sentence. Thus you sing out of context may be either a request that you do the singing (imperative) or a remark that you know how to sing (declarative). But sentences using the verb (be) can be distinguished by the form of the verb: You be the singer (imperative) You are the singer (declarative) Questions (interrogative sentences) The interrogative sentence usually asks a question Exclamations (exclamatory sentences) An exclamations sentence expresses feeling or emotion. Exclamatory sentences are often introduced by what or how, as a modifier of the complement Interrogative Sentences The interrogative sentence usually asks a question: Have you seen Sam? Do you know that John is sick? Did the doctor say it will be twins? Is the food good? Sentence according to verbal predicate Transitive and intransitive clause: Timothy Shopen (2007) explained that the distinction of the clause with verbal predicates, is that the distinction between transitive and intransitive, transitive clause takes two or more argument, whereas intransitive takes only one argument, so in languages like English the distinction can be, by saying that transitive clause has an object, whereas intransitive does not as in the following examples: My dog ate the hamburger (transitive) My dog is sleeping in the abasement From the examples above, it is clear that transitive verbs like eat need an object to complete the meaning of the clause, but intransitive verbs like sleep does not need an object, although there a prepositional phrase followed the verb sleep in the above sentence but it is not an object, it is an adjunct because the meaning is still complete if this prepositional phrase removed from the sentence. Ditransitive clause Timothy (2007) stated that some English constructions contain more than object, or at least two nonsubject arguments, so these constructions are so called ditransitives as the examples below explain: Nancy gave Jeff some flowers Bob told Sally a story So in these examples the noun phrases Jeff and Sally are so called indirect object, and the noun phrases some flowers and a story are direct object, in the previous examples indirect objects flowed immediately the verb, whereas direct objects end the sentence, but in the construction with preposition direct object flowed the verb immediately and indirect object flowed the preposition as in the following constructions: Nancy gave some flowers to Jeff Bob told a story to Sally Data collection and analysis: Data collection: For the purpose of this assignment the researcher selected randomly a chapter from the book titled, the memories of babikr bedri, this book is written by Babikr Bedri in Arabic and translated to English by his son yousif bedri, the chapter selected is chapter one which is titled, Babyhood and Youth page 1-14 . And the motivation beyond this is to investigate clause types in English language according to the following criteria: According to meaning and word order And according to verbal predicates Data analysis: The data collected for the purpose of this study were analyzed in the following steps: Step one: to identify clause types according to meaning and word order Step two: to identify clause types according to verbal predicates Step one Clause according to meaning and word order Facts (declarative sentences) Our teacher sat down (Para 1 Page 6) I mastered the memorization of koran in the year 1880 (Para 4 Page 7) We arrived in Madani (Para 5 Page 9) Commands (imperative sentences) Come here (Para 2 Page 5) Go and wash your slat (the same Para) Come and write what you washed off before (Para 3 Page 5) Questions (interrogative sentences) When and in what circumstances did you copy this book? (Para 2 Page 12) Do you eat better than that in rufaa? (Para 2 Page 10) What food do you have? (Para 2 Page 10) To who did recite the previous piece? (Para 2 page 5) Who was with you? (Para 2 page 5) Exclamations (exclamatory sentences) How he put me down (Para 3 Page 1) Step two Clause according to verbal predicates Transitive clause Our teacher Muhammad had studied the Koran and other subjects (Para 2 Page 12) I was explained the word wabar (Para 3 Page 10) Intransitive clause We all laughed (Para 3 Page 10) We agreed (Para 3 Page 10) Ditransitive clause My parents told me that I was born on 8 August 1861 (Para 1 Page 1) Let me tell you about this man (Para 1 Page 4) A pupils family send a feast to the school (Para 1 page 7) She put my books in a cloth satchel (Para 2 Page 9) Conclusion In this study, you saw that sentences may have different communicative functions and that each of these communicative functions is expressed with a typical sentence pattern, called the declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory pattern. The declarative sentence pattern is the most common and will be studied the most in this study. A typical declarative sentence gives information about a situation or event and may name one or more participants, a process, an attribute of one of the participants, and various aspects of the setting. The sentence constituents naming these are subject, and predicate. The predicate names the process, and possibly other participants, attributes or setting. The predicate consists of a predicator, which names the process, and its complement. The complement in the clause with verbal predicate (transitive, intransitive and ditransitive) can be a direct object and indirect object. If there is a direct object, there may also be either an indirect or benefactive object or an object attribute in the complement. English language is unlike other languages, it can employ different clause types in its sentences according to different aspects that why anyone could not talk about definit clause types without referring to all these criteria, but I think that clause can explained rather than classified.

The Relationship Between War and Man Essay -- Psychology

War dates back to the earliest of ages. Leaders have come out triumphant and countries have come out ravaged. Entire generations have been extinguished and humanity’s morale destroyed; all at the cost of a victory. Everyone is familiar with war, however we are not so quick to understand the lasting toll it takes on those who experience it for themselves. War has been fought through out many countries for various reasons since the beginning of times, the tactics and warfare themselves may have changed, but the meaning of war remains the same. In turn the soldiers, whom give it all in the name of their countries, never come back the same. It is glittered with words like glory, honor and devotion, however war, in my eyes, is anything but. It brings about many more problems, one of which is the substantial psychological effects it has on those who experience war first hand. World War I was said to have been the war to end all wars. We now know that not to be true as there have been countless wars since that proposition. The attitudes surrounding the initiation of World War I were very distinct from that of proceeding wars to come. Citizens were excited, families were proud to know that their sons were enlisted and patriotism and brotherhood were alive and well. Young men were very much encouraged to join the war effort and advertisements soliciting the call to arms were seen in a positive light. Enlistment was something expected of these young men, they wouldn’t dare be the ones to be â€Å"ostracized† or called â€Å"coward† . With no way around the Great War many did indeed join the armed forces; little did they know what they were in for. â€Å"A word of command† , and a powerful one at that, put these young men on the path to destruction. ... ...rd we take, as a war to end all wars was virtually never in sight. We must become human again; as it seems to be the only way to make existence worthy once again. Works Cited Cohen, Harold, PH. D. "Two Stories of PTSD." PsychCentral. PsychCentral, May 2012. Web. 9 May 2012. . Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982. Print. US National Library of Medicine. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." PubMed Health. National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012. Web. 9 May 2012. . WebMD. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." WebMD. WebMD, 2012. Web. 9 May 2012. . Sassoon, Siegfried. â€Å"Dreamers.† 1968.

Enthalpy of Reaction and Hess’s Law Essay

I. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to verify Hess’s Law through the three reactions of NaOH and HCl, NH4Cl and NaOH, and NH3 and HCl. The sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions should equal the enthalpy of the third reaction. II. Background Hess’s Law is used to determine the enthalpy of a reaction from adding two or more preceding reactions. To determine the enthalpies of certain chemical reactions, the change in must be measured. This is best done using a calorimeter to prevent heat loss to the surroundings. To calculate the heat change in solution, the q=mct equation must be used. A positive value for â€Å"q† means the solution gains heat, a negative value means the solution loses heat and is exothermic. The reactions used in the lab are exothermic acid-base neutralizations. By calculating â€Å"q†, heat, the enthalpy of reaction can be found by knowing the Molarity of the reactants. The specific heat of the calorimeter can be found by the equation qcal= t x heat capacity. Since a calorimeter is used the heat released from the reaction will be absorbed in the solution, while some heat is transferred to the calorimeter. So the â€Å"q† of the reaction is given by this equation: qrxn= †“ (qsol+qcal). III. Summary of Procedure Part 1: A calorimeter is to be arranged using Styrofoam cups and a hole on top of a cover to take the temperature while also preventing heat loss. 50mls of distilled is to be added to the calorimeter. 75mls must then be heated to 70 degrees Celsius and 50mls of that water is to be added to the calorimeter. The calorimeter has to be covered and then the temperature taken every 20 seconds for 3 minutes. Part 2: 50mls of 2.0M HCl must be put into the calorimeter. A 50mls solution of 2.0M NaOH should then be added to the HCl solution and stirred. The temperature needs to be recorded every 20 seconds for 3 minutes. For the second reaction the same process has to be repeated using 2.0M NH4Cl and 2.0M NaOH. The third reaction requires the same process using 2.0M solutions of NH3 and HCl. IV. Observations * Styrofoam cup becoming hot after mixture * thermometer scraping the Styrofoam cup sides * cover doesn’t completely cover the cup * small amount of time between pouring the chemicals and covering and mixing VI. Results and Questions Calculations please see attached graphs and work. Post Lab Questions 1. What is meant by calorimetry? Calorimetry is the scientific measuring of heat released during chemical and physical changes. It ensures that minimal heat is lost so the heat of reaction can be found accurately. 2. How does graphical analysis improve the accuracy of the data? Once the points are plotted on a graph the line of best fit can be drawn and extrapolated toward the y-axis. Since the first data plots can be inconsistent the best fit line may ignore the first points making the data more accurate by disregarding the inaccurate data. 3. What is the meaning of the negative sign in front of the equation for heat of reaction? The negative sign in front of the brackets indicate that we are in fact solving for the reverse reaction. So the sign must have a negative to indicate the reaction that is the forward, exothermic, reaction. 4. Do the lab results support Hess’s Law? The lab does support Hess’s Law. The percent error is relatively small for this lab and algebraically it is proven that the sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions is close the measured value of the third reaction. 5. How could the procedure be modified to achieve greater accuracy? To improve the accuracy of the lab a formal capacitor could be used instead of average Styrofoam cups. An airtight seal between the cover and thermometer would also be more accurate by preventing heat loss to the surroundings. 6. Find a table reference that lists standard heat of formation for the species included in your net ionic equations. Use them to calculate delta H for the reaction of the net ionic equations. Do these values support Hess’s Law? See attached calculations. VII. Conclusion This lab successfully verified Hess’s Law by adding enthalpies of reactions to equal the enthalpy of a third reaction. The mix of NaOH with HCl, and NH4 with NaOH proved to give off a heat close to that of NH3 mixed with HCl. The percent error proved to be 3.72%. The sources of error could be the heat lost while the calorimeter was not covered and maybe not enough mixing throughout the duration of the three minutes. The addition of a mixing unit and an airtight seal on the capacitors would provide an improved version of this lab.

Intersections Between Jurisdictions And Approaches Social Work Essay Essay Example

Intersections Between Jurisdictions And Approaches Social Work Essay Essay Example Intersections Between Jurisdictions And Approaches Social Work Essay Essay Intersections Between Jurisdictions And Approaches Social Work Essay Essay Working within the context of diverse provincial wellness attention systems, a scope of Canadian health care professionals are charged with the duty of sing dynamic societal and cultural tendencies in the perceptual experience of wellness in order to apportion scarce resources designed to diminish the functional restrictions of eligible Canadians. Balancing mutual oppositions in function outlooks as client-centred practicians moving as gatekeepers to supports required to accomplish basic human rights in conformity with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( 1982 ) and the Canadian Human Rights Act ( 1985 ) ; this is achieved in portion by pulling upon clinical opinions on single beginnings of untypical functional presentations taking to the expected experience of disablement in the current sociocultural environment ( DePoy A ; Gilson, 2004 ) . Positions on disablement are quickly germinating, and it is hard for wellness professionals in busy patterns to remain abreast of in ternational duologue on the definitions of disablement that serve to inform health care policy in Canada ( ( LCO ) , 2009 ) . Directed by the parametric quantities of the RHBS PhD comprehensive test procedure, this treatment paper will be utile to a wide scope of health care professionals practising in Canada, supplying elucidation on current policy positions on the nexus between damage and disablement ( or health ) , and of the application of both minority and cosmopolitan attacks to disablement in steering policy in clinical pattern. Consideration of these two attacks to gestating disablement will enable healthcare professionals to spread out on current client-centred attention by informing their professional analysis and function appraisal ; ensuing in a lessening in the disabling effects of damage. The specific aims include: Provide information on the significance of minority and catholicity attacks to disability on current health care policy and pattern in Ontario, Canada ; Identify tendencies in the application of the minority and catholicity attacks to current health care policy impacting people with disablements in Ontario, Canada ; Discuss the comparative strengths and restrictions of the minority and catholicity attacks to disablement ; and Supply wide-ranging client-centred recommendations for health care suppliers to see when supplying services to clients with disablements. Working within the parametric quantities of both the guiding aims and of the outlooks of the comprehensive scrutiny, I have chosen to utilize person-first linguistic communication to respectfully mention to Canadians who live with damages or experience disablement. In doing this pick, I have given consideration to statements proposing that the comprehensive usage of person-first linguistic communication ( as it is comprehensively applied in Canadian policy ) , is non nem con accepted as the ideal attack to lingual representation of the experience of disablement ( Albrecht, Seelman, A ; Bury, 2001 ) , ( Titchkosky, 2006 ) . I am aware that the attending deserving of this argument would be more suitably presented in a stand-alone analysis ; and in the involvement of reenforcing the specific aims of this paper, I have chosen to utilize this lingual attack in order to reflect the current sociopolitical context. Specifying disablement After about a half century of het treatment on the parametric quantities and definitions of disablement, Canadians are still seeking to hold upon an inclusive and important definition of disablement ( CAPC, 2010 ) . With increased engagement of people with disablements in this argument, definitions of disablement are quickly germinating to reflect a wider scope of positions lighting a complex and many-sided experience. The planetary perceptive of disablement has transformed from a widely assumed synonymity with damage ( the biomedical beginning of disablement ) , to a set of contrasting positions that hold social attitudes singularly responsible for the subjugation and exclusion of persons with biomedical profiles outside of the normal curve of the dominant group ( societal beginning of disablement ) . Founded on common ends of placing schemes for alteration taking to equal rates of societal engagement for people with disablements, this argument is complicated by participants extre mely polarized political orientations on the beginning of disablement, representations of people with disablements, and the demands of people with disablements ( McColl A ; Jongbloed, 2006 ) . Cardinal to every conversation and analysis are of import inquiries on who among Canadian society is eligible for inclusion into what is frequently referred to as the disablement community ( Prince, 2006 ) . Although the grade to which internal and external factors are implicated in the experience of disablement varies across both theories and single experiences ; Canadians with and without disablements continue to show a scope of positions on specifying disablement that integrated elements of each of these wide extremes ( ( LCO ) , 2009 ) . The emerging consensus is that the subjective experience of disablement or of health ( coincident with damage ) , is a consequence of the interaction between functional public presentation and the supports or barriers to engagement in the environment. International dialogues on disablement discourse is reflected in the on-going transmutation of Canadian societal policy, but the on-going deficiency of consensus among stakeholders has made it hard to develop and keep policy that comprehensively addresses the sensed demands of Canadians with disablements ( McColl, Schaub, Sampson, A ; Hong, 2010 ) . At the Centre of the on-going argument on definitions lie conflicting sentiments on the experience of disablement in relation to Canadian society as a whole: Are people with disablements a minority group within society, or is disablement a cosmopolitan experience that affects all members of society, albeit in changing grades? ( Joiner, 2006 ) . Minority group definitions describe disablement as a human rights issue: a effect of the subjugation, devaluation, and marginalisation founded on negative social reactions to persons who deviate from socially constructed norms of human operation ( Michilin A ; Juarez-Marazzo, 2001 ) . In contrast, universalist positions consider disablement to happen as a consequence of indefensible limitations on the parametric quantities of typical human fluctuation in physical and functional presentation ( DePoy A ; Gilson, 2004 ; Joiner, 2006 ( Bickenbach A ; Cieza, 2011 ) ) . These contrasting attacks to gestating and sing disablement are both drawn up on to steer facets of current federal disablement policy and provincial health care policy and pattern ; consideration of these attacks will assist to inform health care professionals logical thinking procedures when measuring eligibility for disablement supports. The minority attack to gestating disablement considers people with disablements to stand for a discrete and identifiable minority group necessitating peculiar attending through enabling statute law turn toing societal barriers to accomplishing basic human rights ( McColl, Schaub, Sampson, A ; Hong, 2010 ) . This attack is profoundly rooted in societal theoretical accounts of disablement, where the damage itself is non considered to be the beginning of disablement ; instead, it is the negative societal reaction to the damage that creates the barriers taking to disablement ( Pfiffer, 2001 ) . From a wide position, this attack assumes that Canadians with disablements feel that their experience of disablement includes attributes that tantrum into the five standards for minority group position, as outlined by Vander Zanden ( 1972 ) : Canadians with disablements face favoritism, bias and segregation, both as persons and as a group. ( Pfiffer, 2001 ) ; Canadians with disablements portion a common set of traits that are viewed negatively by the dominant group ; Canadians with disablements are emerging as a group showing consciousness of itself and its members ( Prince, 2006 ) ; Canadians with disablements involuntarily get or are born with the negatively sensed trait ; Canadians with disablements experience intermarriage ( Roeleveld A ; Zielhuis, 1997 ) Pulling from societal theories on racism and favoritism, the minority group position is strengthened with the observation that people with disablements experience many of the societal inequalities that are experienced by other laden minority groups, such as high unemployment, poorness, school segregation, lodging issues, exclusion from many public installations and transit services ( Hahn, 2002 ) . The cosmopolitan attack to disablement is besides rooted in societal theory, but has emerged as a more inclusive attack that considers disablement and health as to be complementary elements of single fluctuation, inextricably linked to both the cultural environment and to the individual themselves. Under this attack, disablement and health are conceptualized as facets of a individual fluid and uninterrupted subjective experience, unrestricted by externally dictated boundaries and inclusion standards ( Zola, 1993 ) . Policy developed under cosmopolitan attacks promotes inclusively accessible social constructions where all citizens are able to take part without sing favoritism. Basically, the parametric quantities of typical human operation are widened to include all human fluctuation sing that there are no worlds who can show a comprehensive scope of physical, centripetal, and cognitive abilities that will enable them to stand out under any combination of societal and physical fort unes, protagonists of the cosmopolitan attack suggest that society demands to broaden their recognized scope of expected human operation in order to be more inclusive ( Bickenbach et al. , 1999 ) . Some theoreticians have argued that a differentiation between these two attacks to gestating disablement is delusory, and that traveling frontward to accomplishing the ultimate end of an inclusive definition of disablement that efficaciously supports positive alteration requires protagonists of both attacks to accommodate and turn to both foreparts at the same time ( Joiner, 2006 ) . This being said, it is of import that health care professionals consider both positions of this duality in their pattern, and understand the manner that these attacks are reflected in the cultural discourse and policy that guides their rating of disablement in patronage. Incorporation of the scope of many-sided positions on disablement steering Canadian policy has been framed as a progressive attack that efficaciously reflects the many-sided and extremely subjective nature of disablement ( Mitra, 2006 ) . Each disablement theoretical account may stand for a more appropriate position on disablement within specific contextual environments ; it follows that both the minority and the cosmopolitan attack may be utile for health care professionals to see when nearing client-centred pattern in Ontario ( Pfiffer, 2001 ) . Intersections between Legal powers and Approachs Disability policy in Canada chiefly maps under federal legal power, guided by cardinal federal plans and indirect services ( McColl A ; Jongbloed, 2006 ) . Federal policy in Canada has historically followed a minority attack to the development of disability-specific economic plans, disablement criterions, ideological counsel, and population information ( McColl A ; Jongbloed, 2006 ) . Most direct services for people with disablements, nevertheless, are provided at the provincial degree, ensuing in considerable discrepancy in service eligibility and handiness across Canadian states. Charged with the duty for supplying direct services to people with disablements, provincial authoritiess have besides approached disablement through a minority group position, with each state sketching distinguishable parametric quantities for single entree to disablement supports ( Cameron A ; Valentine, 2001 ) . The recent planetary displacement to a universalist position on disablement has been refle cted in emerging and revised federal policy. With few exclusions, this paradigm displacement has non been embraced at the provincial degree, where the minority attack continues to rule provincial policy refering to disablement. Peoples with disablements have systematically reported satisfaction with the degree of attending that the federal authorities has afforded them through policy alteration and inclusive patterns, but they struggle to voyage a wellness and societal system that is divided by ongoing political tensenesss between federal, autochthonal and provincial authoritiess on issues over jurisdictional duty refering to disablement and healthcare resources ( Prince, 2012 ; Torjman, 2001 ) . An inconsistent attack to gestating disablement and across legal powers and between health care suppliers has resulted in a disconnected system that is hard for people with disablements to voyage, and does non stand for the best involvements of people with disablements. Healthcare professionals in Canada are placed in the alone place of busying conflicting functions of both gatekeepers and advocators for many services continuing the rights of people with disablements ( ( LCO ) , 2009 ) . Sing these outlooks, it has become progressively of import to understand the profound impact that definitions of disablement, wellness, and wellness have on eligibility for publicly funded resources designed to ease full engagement in society for Canadians ( McColl, Structural determiners of entree to wellness attention for people with disablements, 2006 ) . Minority and Universality attacks in pattern Emerging as a powerful political force during the Disability Movement, the minority group attack has been an effectual scheme for presenting the planetary community to disablement issues, exciting planetary conversation on disablement issues, and for recommending for the rights of people with disablements ( Fougeyrollas A ; Beauregard, 2001 ) . Discussion on human rights for people with disablements offered common land for the development of a distinguishable disablement community that offered people with disablements chances to see a sense of solidarity and belonging in this group ( McColl, 2006 ) . Furthermore, this attack stimulated treatment on disablement issues at national degrees, including steering the development of several federal policies in Canada that were designed to guarantee the attainment of human and civil rights for Canadians with disablements. Canadian disablement policy research workers McColl, Schaub, Sampson and Hong ( 2010 ) note that until late, the bulk o f federal statute law and policy has considered disablement preponderantly from a minority attack that clearly demarcates the civil rights of persons with disablements. In add-on to offering a compelling footing for people with disablements to recommend for specific protection and consideration for civil rights within Canadian statute law, the minority attack provides parametric quantities for health care professionals to see when finding a individual s eligibility for a finite sum of resources available to fund the supports and adjustment steps that will diminish the experience of disablement. Under a minority attack to steer resource allotment, health care and societal services can go on to be better designed to specifically turn to the demands of people with disablements ; However, even after 30 old ages of an active minority attack, people with disablements are still describing that they need more healthcare and societal services in order to go equal participants in society ( McColl, 2006 ) . Sing that federal policy is influenced by the international positions, it follows that acceptance of the recent international tendency reflecting a cosmopo litan attack to disablement is drawn upon in order to assist to relieve some of the issues that are emerging as a consequence of the minority attack. Soon, consideration of the minority attack is an effectual method for health care suppliers to derive penetration into some of the behaviours and sensitivenesss that many people with disablements may show, and it has proven to be an effectual attack to recommending for alteration pertaining to human rights, thereby advancing solidarity by placing common land among diverse members of the emerging disablement community ( Pfiffer, 2001 ) ( Prince, 2006 ) . This attack is cardinal to achieving distributive justness, and informing resource allotment in health care and societal services by offering a grade of specificity on who will profit most from reception of benefits, thereby legalizing claims to certain benefits that could otherwise be viewed as discriminatory intervention by others in society ( DePoy A ; Guilson, 2004 ) . The universailist attack to gestating disablement is purported to advance a figure of benefits. It is an inclusive and dynamic attack that offers room for motion into and outside of the experience of disablement, instead than offering a label associated with lasting rank into a group ( McColl, 2006 ) . This is besides associated with a lessening in the stigma associated with disablement. Furthermore, with a focal point on disablement as a universally experient phenomenon, opprotunities for full engagement in mainstream Canadian society is non contingent on the person s ablity to take part in the health care system ( McColl, 2006 ) . Many outstanding writers lending to disablement surveies consider the World Health Organization s ( WHO, 2001 ) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health ( ICF ) to be the gilded criterion for specifying disablement ( McColl M. A. , 2006 ) , ( Chatterji, Uston, A ; Bickenbach, 1999 ) ( Mehlmann A ; Neuhauser, 1999 ) . Supplemented by appraising and diagnostic standard outlined in the corresponding International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10 ) , the ICF proposes that disablement be understood as a dynamic interaction between traditional biomedical constituents, functional constituents, and contextual factors. This extremely influential international policy frames disablement as one of many constituents ( variables ) of wellness and health that is experienced in changing grades by all members of society. The timely outgrowth of the ICF and its inclusive definition of disablement have been instrumental in uniting the planetary tendency toward traveling f rom a minority to a cosmopolitan attack, which has influenced the mode in which disablement is portrayed at the federal degree in Canada. While the minority attack remains instrumental in turn toing the rights of people with disablements and steering the use of eligibility for targeted services that address the demands of people with disablements, emerging policy at both the federal and provincial degrees of legal power is brooding of the ICF theoretical account and supports a cosmopolitan attack to disablement. Sing the ageing population in Canada, the acceptance of a cosmopolitan attack is seasonably, as with age there is a continuum of increasing sums of functional restrictions. Adoption of the cosmopolitan attack where elements of disablement are experienced in different grades across members of society is effectual if one is to believe of the fact that sing age, person who is able-bodied is merely temporarily so ( Williams, 2001 ) . Sing that the rate of disablement additions with age, and that the Canadian population is quickly ageing, it seems natural to hold a system in topographic point that will back up a gra dual inclusion of persons into support systems as their functional restrictions emerge. For many people with disablements, it is of import to see the diverseness of the lived experience of damage and disablement ( Williams, 2001 ) . Consideration of disablement as a cosmopolitan issue can efficaciously bridge the distance between people with more and less permeant disabilites and add an component of relational apprehension into the relationship between patronages and health care professionals. Persons are non forced to follow the ill function in order to have the supports they will necessitate in order to optimally take part in society, for these supports are already readily available. In theory, everybody will profit from a cosmopolitan system as it merely extends the definition of normal to be much more inclusive. The features associated with disablement are considered and intgrepreted to be normal occurrances weieth in the scope pf mnatural human diverseness, ionstead of anomoloes and untypicalities ( Rioux A ; Samson, 2006 ) . Defects of the minority attack: Alternatively of interrupting down barriers to inclusion and equal engagement in Canadian society, the procedure of clearly demarcating the parametric quantities of inclusion under the minority attack serves to reenforce separations between the duality of people with disablements and people without disablements ( Shakesphere, 1999 ) . While advancing a sense of solidarity within the disablement community, a focal point on minority issues focuses on restrictions alternatively of potencies ; and frequently serves to reenforce feelings of segregation, difference, stigma, and exclusion from the greater society ( McColl A ; Jongbloed, 2006 ; McColl, 2006 ) . Not merely does this hold an consequence on the self-perception of people with disablements, but it besides undermines the political power of people with disablements through conflicting standards for resource allotment non all people with disablements experience the same extent of disability as a consequence of their damage, and fr equently people with disablements may belong to several minority groups that are straight in competition for resources between each other ( Joiner, 2006 page 92 ) . Persons seeking acknowledgment for their disablement are capable to legalizing their claims to disablement and group rank, non merely to their wellness professionals, but besides to other subgroups of the disablement community ( DePoy A ; Granger, 2004 ) . Furthermore, this attack forces the person with a disablement to follow two distinctively contrasting and viing functions in order to be successful in their efforts to accomplish maximum engagement in society: ( 1 ) the ill function of a individual with restrictions who require diagnostic legitimization of their disablement by a qualified health care professional, thereby making a divide between professionals and patronage ; and ( 2 ) a citizen with full rights and engagement in society, lending to the economic environment of society, and prosecuting in valuable par ts to society ( McColl, 2006 ) . Critically described as a forced analogy associating disablement to racism, the minority attack to gestating disablement does non accurately stand for the true experience of disablement as a subjective experience with typical ties to physically relevant features that affect the subjective experience of disablement in different grades at the single degree ( Bickenbach, Chatterji, Badleu, A ; Ustun, 1999 ) . The diverseness of the lived experience of damage ( including extent of damage, sum of hurting involved, disproportional degrees of bodily and mental engagement ) in relation to disablement, is non straight translatable to the strictly societal building of racism ( Williams, 2001 ) ( Bickenbach, Chatterji, Badleu, A ; Ustun, 1999 ) . The minority approach excessively simplifies the experience of disablement, and promotes the perceptual experience of disablement as a job that requires a solution, hence puting the duty of happening this solution on the single themselves. In makin g this, the minority attack implicitly promotes the thought of two categories of Canadian citizens: the productive, and the unproductive. Negative stereotypes associated with disablement and inaccurate reading of the world of the systematic inequalities that predispose people with disablements to go more economically advantaged efficaciously undervalues people with disablements as productive members of society ( McColl, 2006 ) . While recognition of the minority group issues faced by members of the disablement community allows for economic schemes and fiscal replacing schemes to be designed, it besides reinforces negative stereotypes and a sense of charity from the greater society. Furthermore, this attack does small to see the impact of belonging to two minority groups in Canadian society. Peoples who already belong to a seeable minority group that is associated with barriers to social inclusion will hold a wholly different experience of disablement than those who typically advocate for the minority attack. See the application of Aboriginal people in Canada. Compared to the profile of disablement advocators, they face really different barriers to engagement and really different degrees of factors lending to the experience of disablement. Versus the older, upper to middle category males who advocate for the minority attack most vehemently. For the most portion, people who support the minority attack in theory are disability theoreticians who are disabled themselves ( Williams, 2001 ) . However, these theoreticians are non representatibve of the overpowering socio economic profile of people with disablements in Canada. And, the minority group takes a batch of liberty off from the person at the Centre of the experience. When disablement is defined by another individual alternatively of self-reported, so there are differences in sentiment as to whether the individual is really handicapped for illustration, this is reflected in the 2001 PALS, where a lessening in prevalence of disablement is noted between kids under 15 and immature grownups aged 15-24. Furrie ( 2006 ) hypothesizes that this difference is one of altering definitions of disablement whether it is an external perceptual experience where disablement is conceptualized otherwise in kids versus grownups, or a difference between placeholder and single perceptual experiences of damage. Under the minority attack to disablement, a individual does non hold the chance to see their ain individuality within their societal circle, and so when they go to entree resources, they are once more faced with legalizing their ( Dis ) ability to gatekeepers for resources and for productive work, etc. Role of the Universal Approach The experience of damage is non unvarying avoss the populations of the universe. Where poorness is emdemic, there is aosoi imjor causes of impariments like poorness, malnutrition, catching disaeases, low quality attention envirnonmental damge, accidents, war and force. ( Rioux A ; Samson, 2006 ) , When sing the challenge of diminishing resources and an increasing population of people with dsabilties, a cosmopolitan attack to disablement may do more sense, nevertheless, this merely so if the degree of functional abilities decreases easy and minor chages can do a large impact. Ideas such as inoversal design work good here, as this enables the structural installations to be more accessible to a assortment of people, despite their obility abilities. However, when you look athte countries where specialized services are required in order O run into the demands of specific populations within the disablement community, the thoughts of distribiutional justness do nt work every bit good in pattern. In the instance of the provincial motion toward following a cosmopolitan attack to societal services, and unifying Ontario Works and the Ontario Disability Support Porgram, this issue emerges within the disablement community. The stigma associated with reception of Ontario plants may be decre ased, but the perceptual experience of life with a disablement alterations from one where members are seen as separate from those who are non productive members of society. And they have their excess supports taken off to bootaˆÂ ¦ Operating under a universality attack will make off with many of the silos of disablement organozations, where there are hierarchies of influence and power within each siol that consequences in some groups having more benefits than others, aw is seen in the ASD versus the FASD communities. ( Boyce, Krough A ; Boyce, 2006 ) . The universalist attack has been embraced by occupational healers for its close tantrum to steering occupational therapy theory and cosmopolitan design ; nevertheless, consideration of both the benefits and the failings of this attack demand to be considered in order to pattern in a client-centred mode congruent with the steering OT rules. However, the opposition to the impression that disablement is besides a minority concern has deductions on the handiness of services to the people who need them most. For people who are sing higher degrees of functional restrictions, it can minimise the extent to which they are included ( McColl, 2006 ) . Switching attacks to specifying disablement have resulted in altering societal perceptual experiences associating to legitimacy of damages outside of the traditional discernible biomechanical frame of mention. At the federal degree in Canada, we are seeing the outgrowth of policy specifically turn toing the demands of people with disablements ensuing from spectrum upsets ( i.e. FASD, ASD ) , mental wellness upsets, substance upsets, and hurting upsets as legitimate primary beginnings of damage taking to disablement when the appropriate environmental supports are non provided. The inclusion of these upsets indicates a displacement toward national acceptance of The ODSP amalgamation serves to place people with dsiabilties as weak and dependent. The The problem is, we can non trust on worlds to merely take what they need, and to move selflessly. There are traveling to be wpole who abuse the system, merely as there are people who presently have no scruple over mistreating handicapped parking licenses. We are faced with the world of holding a finite resource pool that needs to be shared amoung more people, how can we guarantee that there is just allotment? Other theoreticians note that equality is non merely the absernce of favoritism and excuusion. It is the ability to entree the resources that are rewuired to run into a similar degree of demands ( Bickenbach, 2006 ) . he world is that a dichotomos attack to specifying dsiabilty pervades the world of current Canadian instutions in order to guarantee distributibe justness, Access for Ontarioans with Disabilties Act, originalted in 2001 and in a daˆÂ ¦ province of polish. The statute law is alone in Canada and is based on rules of human rights, the answerability of public establishments, environmental handiness, and engagement of consumers. But is remains a set of recommmendatins. We need to recognisze that in order to elecit alteration, leaders in health care demand to back up the uttered demands of the disablement community. There is a ca ; ; for universally accessible environmnts, and there is besides a call for minority rights and particular considerations. We need to be able to understand the public-service corporation of goth attacks and to supperot them where necessessary. Would a cosmopolitan attack license the specific demands of people with disablements to be minimized or masked behind partial attacks to universal handiness? Would more minority approaches promote the evidences for societal isolation and tenseness that will forestall inclusion and equal engagement in society? ( Kobayashi, 2009 ) . Section: Recommendations for Consideration In health care policy, disablement is preponderantly based on conceived impressions of typicality the extent to which an person s physical and functional abilities fall within the normal curve ( DePoy A ; Gilson, 2004 ) . Outdated biomedical descriptions comparing disablement with disease or damage are inextricably embedded in the policies steering eligibility for service proviso and resource allotment. The extent to which people with disablements are able to take part in Canadian society as equal citizens is hence determined by their capacity to equilibrate viing minority and catholicity attacks to disablement: maximising their damage when take parting in the health care system, while minimising the impairment exterior of the health care system ( McColl, Schaub, Sampson, A ; Hong, 2010 ) . It is hence of import that healthcare professionals understand the positions steering and informing the policy that they are expected to ordain, in order to ease their clients battle in the he alth care system, which creates chances for inclusion in society. This is particularly evident sing the differences in sentiment that are reflected within jurisdictional countries, as eligibility and scheduling chances vary across federal and provincial Canadian legal powers. Swerving definitions of disablement affect the reading of damage at both societal and professional degrees, and health care professionals account of the beginning of the damage affects their reading of the legitimacy of the disenabling effects of the damage ( DePoy A ; Gilson, 2004 ; McColl A ; Jongbloed, 2006 ) . While referred to as disablement policy , the policy manifestations that consider issues of disablement as portion of their comprehensive/inclusive attacks, this mention implies that disablement is a minority issue that needs to be advocated for. However, new and emerging tendencies in disablement construct and definitions are depicting disablement as a cosmopolitan phenomenon that is non as steadfastly rooted in physical damage and single untypicalities that the mainstream community assumes it is. So, instead than disablement policy, it may be better to see these policies as inclusive health and handiness policy where policy analysts target the facets of societal policy that have the possible to except engagement and entree of members of society who operate on the lower terminals of a spectrum of continnum of proficiency in assorted countries of health. This being said, nevertheless, there are topographic points where the world of life with exceptionalities that are outside of the typical scope of abilities, the normal curve, needs to be acknowledged and other countries of policy demand to sketch outlooks for the remainder of society to recognize these extra demands of a minority subgroup and do exclusions that will ease their engagement in society. And businesss. Not merely is this a historical issue, but it clearly remains a controversial issue that has tremendous impacts on both personal and community experiences of damage and disablement. Sum up recommentations. brief outline of the major pros and cons of either attack. in relation to planetary, Canadian, and provincial environments in relation to physical, socio-cultural, or political environments ( built environment, workplace adjustment, etc. ) in relation to social positions or single positions ( how wellness professionals can assist determine perceptual experiences of the community and of single clients who are specifying the parametric quantities of their disablement and/or damage ) aˆÂ ¦ explanatory legitimacy theory. in relation to emerging policy and public perception/portrayal of non-traditional disablements, including spectrum upsets. In relation to gatekeeping and resource allotment ( and the rehabilitation professional s function ) , including the showing and diagnosing of upsets associated with extra benefits. Cardinal recommendations: Need to ask for positions of those with dsiabilties, alternatively of disregarding these positions or deducing them. ( Gill, 2001 ) Need to see crossing minority identies and functions in the complex and subjective experience of disablement. ( Gill, 2001 ) Recognize others mistaken or dysfunctional perceptual experiences and look into them in treatment with the universe views steering these perceptual experiences Gill, 2001 Develop positive relationships to bridge divides, ease these relationships Gill, 2001 ) See deciotions at patient degree in visible radiation of the Decisions at Population degree ( Basnett, 2001 ) Entitlement commissariats result in distributive justness ( Bickenbach, 2001 disablement surveies reader ) . Acknowledge that the full populatin is at riskl for disablement. Er shoulf habe a consolidative political docket thbased on the aged in order to work it and address issues of universal is m immiediately ( Zola, 1+988 ) . Always consider the disablement from within the societal environment in order to see the impact of the societal environment. How would this individual map otherwise if they were granted entree to another more inclusive society? By bettering acquaintance with these two steering theroretical attacks to disablement, healthcare professionals may be in a better place to lend to policy development ( Vrkljan, 2005 ) aˆÂ ¦ to pattern in a genuinely client-centred mode that respects the single fluctuation on experience of disabilityaˆÂ ¦ to utilize clinical logical thinking to find the consequence of damage on experience of disabilityaˆÂ ¦ We need to understand the implicit in premises upon which informations are collected and interpreted. ( McColl, Portraits of disablement in national studies, 2006 ) Different instances can be made on a assortment of issues, and need to be considered carefully when being advocated for. ( McColl, Portraits of disablement in national studies, 2006 ) Use the informations that exists in such a mode that new informations can be compared to that already collected Use informations that exists in a mode that considers the theoretical foundations utilized when these informations were collected, and utilize your discretion when analysing or construing it ( McColl, Portraits of disablement in national studies, 2006 ) Critically measure informations that is presented to you ( McColl, Portraits of disablement in national studies, 2006 ) See the physical barriers, attirudinal barriers, expertness and systemic barriers that face people with disablements in accessing health care services at the really basic degree. ( Alliance, 2008 ) Peoples with disablements depend on primary attention for entree non merely to both pressing and everyday wellness attention, but besides for entree to specialist attention and to a figure of disablement supports for which the household doctor is the usual authoriser ( McColl A ; Jongbloed, 2006 ) . Understand that the proressional-deiablef people rlationships, depemndencey is bipartisan. Professionals are dependent on disablement people, and diabled pweole are dependent on professionals. Give people command in order to pull off their ain lives! ( Gallic A ; Swain, 2001 ) .